diff --git a/docs/tool-reference.md b/docs/tool-reference.md
index 4dc46392a..eb73a5274 100644
--- a/docs/tool-reference.md
+++ b/docs/tool-reference.md
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 **Parameters:**
 
 - **dblClick** (boolean) _(optional)_: Set to true for double clicks. Default is false.
-- **uid** (number) **(required)**: The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot
+- **uid** (string) **(required)**: The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot
 
 ---
 
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@
 
 **Parameters:**
 
-- **from_uid** (number) **(required)**: The uid of the element to [`drag`](#drag)
-- **to_uid** (number) **(required)**: The uid of the element to drop into
+- **from_uid** (string) **(required)**: The uid of the element to [`drag`](#drag)
+- **to_uid** (string) **(required)**: The uid of the element to drop into
 
 ---
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 
 **Parameters:**
 
-- **uid** (number) **(required)**: The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot
+- **uid** (string) **(required)**: The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot
 - **value** (string) **(required)**: The value to [`fill`](#fill) in
 
 ---
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 
 **Parameters:**
 
-- **uid** (number) **(required)**: The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot
+- **uid** (string) **(required)**: The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot
 
 ---
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
 **Parameters:**
 
 - **filePath** (string) **(required)**: The local path of the file to upload
-- **uid** (number) **(required)**: The uid of the file input element or an element that will open file chooser on the page from the page content snapshot
+- **uid** (string) **(required)**: The uid of the file input element or an element that will open file chooser on the page from the page content snapshot
 
 ---
 
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@
 
 - **format** (enum: "png", "jpeg") _(optional)_: Type of format to save the screenshot as. Default is "png"
 - **fullPage** (boolean) _(optional)_: If set to true takes a screenshot of the full page instead of the currently visible viewport. Incompatible with uid.
-- **uid** (number) _(optional)_: The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot. If omitted takes a pages screenshot.
+- **uid** (string) _(optional)_: The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot. If omitted takes a pages screenshot.
 
 ---
 
diff --git a/src/McpContext.ts b/src/McpContext.ts
index 7fb689290..db4561911 100644
--- a/src/McpContext.ts
+++ b/src/McpContext.ts
@@ -21,10 +21,16 @@ import path from 'node:path';
 import {listPages} from './tools/pages.js';
 
 export interface TextSnapshotNode extends SerializedAXNode {
-  id: number;
+  id: string;
   children: TextSnapshotNode[];
 }
 
+export interface TextSnapshot {
+  root: TextSnapshotNode;
+  idToNode: Map<string, TextSnapshotNode>;
+  snapshotId: string;
+}
+
 export class McpContext implements Context {
   browser: Browser;
   logger: Debugger;
@@ -33,8 +39,7 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
   #pages: Page[] = [];
   #selectedPageIdx = 0;
   // The most recent snapshot.
-  #textSnapshot: TextSnapshotNode | null = null;
-  #idToNodeMap = new Map<number, TextSnapshotNode>();
+  #textSnapshot: TextSnapshot | null = null;
   #networkCollector: NetworkCollector;
   #consoleCollector: PageCollector<ConsoleMessage | Error>;
 
@@ -43,6 +48,8 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
   #cpuThrottlingRate = 1;
   #dialog?: Dialog;
 
+  #nextSnapshotId = 1;
+
   private constructor(browser: Browser, logger: Debugger) {
     this.browser = browser;
     this.logger = logger;
@@ -192,11 +199,19 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
     newPage.setDefaultNavigationTimeout(10_000);
   }
 
-  async getElementByUid(uid: number): Promise<ElementHandle<Element>> {
-    if (!this.#idToNodeMap.size) {
+  async getElementByUid(uid: string): Promise<ElementHandle<Element>> {
+    if (!this.#textSnapshot?.idToNode.size) {
       throw new Error('No snapshot found. Use browser_snapshot to capture one');
     }
-    const node = this.#idToNodeMap.get(uid);
+    const [snapshotId] = uid.split('_');
+
+    if (this.#textSnapshot.snapshotId !== snapshotId) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'This uid is coming from a stale snapshot. Call take_snapshot to get a fresh snapshot.',
+      );
+    }
+
+    const node = this.#textSnapshot?.idToNode.get(uid);
     if (!node) {
       throw new Error('No such element found in the snapshot');
     }
@@ -222,35 +237,39 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
   /**
    * Creates a text snapshot of a page.
    */
-  async createTextSnapshot(): Promise<TextSnapshotNode | null> {
+  async createTextSnapshot(): Promise<void> {
     const page = this.getSelectedPage();
     const rootNode = await page.accessibility.snapshot();
     if (!rootNode) {
-      return null;
+      return;
     }
 
+    const snapshotId = this.#nextSnapshotId++;
     // Iterate through the whole accessibility node tree and assign node ids that
     // will be used for the tree serialization and mapping ids back to nodes.
     let idCounter = 0;
-    this.#idToNodeMap.clear();
+    const idToNode = new Map<string, TextSnapshotNode>();
     const assignIds = (node: SerializedAXNode): TextSnapshotNode => {
       const nodeWithId: TextSnapshotNode = {
         ...node,
-        id: idCounter++,
+        id: `${snapshotId}_${idCounter++}`,
         children: node.children
           ? node.children.map(child => assignIds(child))
           : [],
       };
-      this.#idToNodeMap.set(nodeWithId.id, nodeWithId);
+      idToNode.set(nodeWithId.id, nodeWithId);
       return nodeWithId;
     };
 
     const rootNodeWithId = assignIds(rootNode);
-    this.#textSnapshot = rootNodeWithId;
-    return rootNodeWithId;
+    this.#textSnapshot = {
+      root: rootNodeWithId,
+      snapshotId: String(snapshotId),
+      idToNode,
+    };
   }
 
-  getTextSnapshot(): TextSnapshotNode | null {
+  getTextSnapshot(): TextSnapshot | null {
     return this.#textSnapshot;
   }
 
diff --git a/src/McpResponse.ts b/src/McpResponse.ts
index 49242fabb..e37d14f58 100644
--- a/src/McpResponse.ts
+++ b/src/McpResponse.ts
@@ -145,9 +145,9 @@ Call browser_handle_dialog to handle it before continuing.`);
     }
 
     if (this.#includeSnapshot) {
-      const rootNode = context.getTextSnapshot();
-      if (rootNode) {
-        const formattedSnapshot = formatA11ySnapshot(rootNode);
+      const snapshot = context.getTextSnapshot();
+      if (snapshot) {
+        const formattedSnapshot = formatA11ySnapshot(snapshot.root);
         response.push('## Page content');
         response.push(formattedSnapshot);
       }
diff --git a/src/tools/ToolDefinition.ts b/src/tools/ToolDefinition.ts
index 2da2abdd3..f141bd033 100644
--- a/src/tools/ToolDefinition.ts
+++ b/src/tools/ToolDefinition.ts
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export type Context = Readonly<{
   getPageByIdx(idx: number): Page;
   newPage(): Promise<Page>;
   setSelectedPageIdx(idx: number): void;
-  getElementByUid(uid: number): Promise<ElementHandle<Element>>;
+  getElementByUid(uid: string): Promise<ElementHandle<Element>>;
   setNetworkConditions(conditions: string | null): void;
   setCpuThrottlingRate(rate: number): void;
   saveTemporaryFile(
diff --git a/src/tools/input.ts b/src/tools/input.ts
index b662dc6b2..330de9d00 100644
--- a/src/tools/input.ts
+++ b/src/tools/input.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export const click = defineTool({
   },
   schema: {
     uid: z
-      .number()
+      .string()
       .describe(
         'The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot',
       ),
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export const hover = defineTool({
   },
   schema: {
     uid: z
-      .number()
+      .string()
       .describe(
         'The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot',
       ),
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ export const fill = defineTool({
   },
   schema: {
     uid: z
-      .number()
+      .string()
       .describe(
         'The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot',
       ),
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ export const drag = defineTool({
     readOnlyHint: false,
   },
   schema: {
-    from_uid: z.number().describe('The uid of the element to drag'),
-    to_uid: z.number().describe('The uid of the element to drop into'),
+    from_uid: z.string().describe('The uid of the element to drag'),
+    to_uid: z.string().describe('The uid of the element to drop into'),
   },
   handler: async (request, response, context) => {
     const fromHandle = await context.getElementByUid(request.params.from_uid);
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ export const fillForm = defineTool({
     elements: z
       .array(
         z.object({
-          uid: z.number().describe('The uid of the element to fill out'),
+          uid: z.string().describe('The uid of the element to fill out'),
           value: z.string().describe('Value for the element'),
         }),
       )
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ export const uploadFile = defineTool({
   },
   schema: {
     uid: z
-      .number()
+      .string()
       .describe(
         'The uid of the file input element or an element that will open file chooser on the page from the page content snapshot',
       ),
diff --git a/src/tools/screenshot.ts b/src/tools/screenshot.ts
index fb704dbdf..aa5dce26d 100644
--- a/src/tools/screenshot.ts
+++ b/src/tools/screenshot.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ export const screenshot = defineTool({
       .default('png')
       .describe('Type of format to save the screenshot as. Default is "png"'),
     uid: z
-      .number()
+      .string()
       .optional()
       .describe(
         'The uid of an element on the page from the page content snapshot. If omitted takes a pages screenshot.',
diff --git a/tests/McpContext.test.ts b/tests/McpContext.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37ec3450b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/McpContext.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+import {describe, it} from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'assert';
+
+import {withBrowser} from './utils.js';
+
+describe('McpResponse', () => {
+  it('list pages', async () => {
+    await withBrowser(async (response, context) => {
+      const page = context.getSelectedPage();
+      await page.setContent(`<!DOCTYPE html>
+<button>Click me</button><input type="text" value="Input">`);
+      await context.createTextSnapshot();
+      assert.ok(await context.getElementByUid('1_1'));
+      await context.createTextSnapshot();
+      try {
+        await context.getElementByUid('1_1');
+        assert.fail('not reached');
+      } catch (err) {
+        assert.strict(
+          err.message,
+          'This uid is coming from a stale snapshot. Call take_snapshot to get a fresh snapshot',
+        );
+      }
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/McpResponse.test.ts b/tests/McpResponse.test.ts
index b3705a408..1a89f9815 100644
--- a/tests/McpResponse.test.ts
+++ b/tests/McpResponse.test.ts
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ Testing 2`,
         result[0].text,
         `# test response
 ## Page content
-uid=0 RootWebArea ""
-  uid=1 button "Click me" focusable focused
-  uid=2 textbox "" value="Input"
+uid=1_0 RootWebArea ""
+  uid=1_1 button "Click me" focusable focused
+  uid=1_2 textbox "" value="Input"
 `,
       );
     });
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ uid=0 RootWebArea ""
         result[0].text,
         `# test response
 ## Page content
-uid=0 RootWebArea "My test page"
-  uid=1 StaticText "username"
-  uid=2 textbox "username" value="mcp" focusable focused
+uid=1_0 RootWebArea "My test page"
+  uid=1_1 StaticText "username"
+  uid=1_2 textbox "username" value="mcp" focusable focused
 `,
       );
     });
diff --git a/tests/formatters/snapshotFormatter.test.ts b/tests/formatters/snapshotFormatter.test.ts
index 57c07cb83..5a4ec6607 100644
--- a/tests/formatters/snapshotFormatter.test.ts
+++ b/tests/formatters/snapshotFormatter.test.ts
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ import type {ElementHandle} from 'puppeteer-core';
 describe('snapshotFormatter', () => {
   it('formats a snapshot with value properties', () => {
     const snapshot: TextSnapshotNode = {
-      id: 1,
+      id: '1_1',
       role: 'textbox',
       name: 'textbox',
       value: 'value',
       children: [
         {
-          id: 2,
+          id: '1_2',
           role: 'statictext',
           name: 'text',
           children: [],
@@ -36,21 +36,21 @@ describe('snapshotFormatter', () => {
     const formatted = formatA11ySnapshot(snapshot);
     assert.strictEqual(
       formatted,
-      `uid=1 textbox "textbox" value="value"
-  uid=2 statictext "text"
+      `uid=1_1 textbox "textbox" value="value"
+  uid=1_2 statictext "text"
 `,
     );
   });
 
   it('formats a snapshot with boolean properties', () => {
     const snapshot: TextSnapshotNode = {
-      id: 1,
+      id: '1_1',
       role: 'button',
       name: 'button',
       disabled: true,
       children: [
         {
-          id: 2,
+          id: '1_2',
           role: 'statictext',
           name: 'text',
           children: [],
@@ -67,21 +67,21 @@ describe('snapshotFormatter', () => {
     const formatted = formatA11ySnapshot(snapshot);
     assert.strictEqual(
       formatted,
-      `uid=1 button "button" disableable disabled
-  uid=2 statictext "text"
+      `uid=1_1 button "button" disableable disabled
+  uid=1_2 statictext "text"
 `,
     );
   });
 
   it('formats a snapshot with checked properties', () => {
     const snapshot: TextSnapshotNode = {
-      id: 1,
+      id: '1_1',
       role: 'checkbox',
       name: 'checkbox',
       checked: true,
       children: [
         {
-          id: 2,
+          id: '1_2',
           role: 'statictext',
           name: 'text',
           children: [],
@@ -98,20 +98,20 @@ describe('snapshotFormatter', () => {
     const formatted = formatA11ySnapshot(snapshot);
     assert.strictEqual(
       formatted,
-      `uid=1 checkbox "checkbox" checked checked="true"
-  uid=2 statictext "text"
+      `uid=1_1 checkbox "checkbox" checked checked="true"
+  uid=1_2 statictext "text"
 `,
     );
   });
 
   it('formats a snapshot with multiple different type attributes', () => {
     const snapshot: TextSnapshotNode = {
-      id: 1,
+      id: '1_1',
       role: 'root',
       name: 'root',
       children: [
         {
-          id: 2,
+          id: '1_2',
           role: 'button',
           name: 'button',
           focused: true,
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ describe('snapshotFormatter', () => {
           },
         },
         {
-          id: 3,
+          id: '1_3',
           role: 'textbox',
           name: 'textbox',
           value: 'value',
@@ -140,9 +140,9 @@ describe('snapshotFormatter', () => {
     const formatted = formatA11ySnapshot(snapshot);
     assert.strictEqual(
       formatted,
-      `uid=1 root "root"
-  uid=2 button "button" disableable disabled focusable focused
-  uid=3 textbox "textbox" value="value"
+      `uid=1_1 root "root"
+  uid=1_2 button "button" disableable disabled focusable focused
+  uid=1_3 textbox "textbox" value="value"
 `,
     );
   });
diff --git a/tests/tools/input.test.ts b/tests/tools/input.test.ts
index 32cec9aa8..79bbe3992 100644
--- a/tests/tools/input.test.ts
+++ b/tests/tools/input.test.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('input', () => {
         await click.handler(
           {
             params: {
-              uid: 1,
+              uid: '1_1',
             },
           },
           response,
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('input', () => {
         await click.handler(
           {
             params: {
-              uid: 1,
+              uid: '1_1',
               dblClick: true,
             },
           },
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ describe('input', () => {
         const clickPromise = click.handler(
           {
             params: {
-              uid: 1,
+              uid: '1_1',
             },
           },
           response,
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ describe('input', () => {
           .handler(
             {
               params: {
-                uid: 1,
+                uid: '1_1',
               },
             },
             response,
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ describe('input', () => {
         await hover.handler(
           {
             params: {
-              uid: 1,
+              uid: '1_1',
             },
           },
           response,
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ describe('input', () => {
         await fill.handler(
           {
             params: {
-              uid: 1,
+              uid: '1_1',
               value: 'test',
             },
           },
@@ -232,8 +232,8 @@ describe('input', () => {
         await drag.handler(
           {
             params: {
-              from_uid: 1,
-              to_uid: 2,
+              from_uid: '1_1',
+              to_uid: '1_2',
             },
           },
           response,
@@ -265,11 +265,11 @@ describe('input', () => {
             params: {
               elements: [
                 {
-                  uid: 2,
+                  uid: '1_2',
                   value: 'test',
                 },
                 {
-                  uid: 4,
+                  uid: '1_4',
                   value: 'test2',
                 },
               ],
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ describe('input', () => {
         await uploadFile.handler(
           {
             params: {
-              uid: 1,
+              uid: '1_1',
               filePath: testFilePath,
             },
           },
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ describe('input', () => {
         await uploadFile.handler(
           {
             params: {
-              uid: 1,
+              uid: '1_1',
               filePath: testFilePath,
             },
           },
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ describe('input', () => {
           uploadFile.handler(
             {
               params: {
-                uid: 1,
+                uid: '1_1',
                 filePath: testFilePath,
               },
             },
diff --git a/tests/tools/screenshot.test.ts b/tests/tools/screenshot.test.ts
index d70fb07b2..ec018227f 100644
--- a/tests/tools/screenshot.test.ts
+++ b/tests/tools/screenshot.test.ts
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ describe('screenshot', () => {
           {
             params: {
               format: 'png',
-              uid: 1,
+              uid: '1_1',
             },
           },
           response,
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ describe('screenshot', () => {
         assert.equal(response.images[0].mimeType, 'image/png');
         assert.equal(
           response.responseLines.at(0),
-          'Took a screenshot of node with uid "1".',
+          'Took a screenshot of node with uid "1_1".',
         );
       });
     });