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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: src/content/en/2022/accessibility.md
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### Language identification
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Language identification using the `lang` attribute is important for providing better screen reader support, and also helps for automatic browser translations. This is another good example of a feature that helps everyone, including people with disabilities. Without the `lang` attribute, the automatic browser translation in Chrome can often translate the text incorrectly. Manuel Matuzovic gives one such <ahreflang="en"href="https://www.matuzo.at/blog/lang-attribute/">example of an auto-translate mishap</a> due to the lack of a `lang` attribute.
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Language identification using the `lang` attribute is important for providing better screen reader support, and also helps for automatic browser translations. This is another good example of a feature that helps everyone, including people with disabilities. Without the `lang` attribute, the automatic browser translation in Chrome can often translate the text incorrectly. Manuel Matuzović gives one such <ahreflang="en"href="https://www.matuzo.at/blog/lang-attribute/">example of an auto-translate mishap</a> due to the lack of a `lang` attribute.
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{{ figure_markup(
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content="83%",
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sql_file="focus_outline_0.sql",
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We found that 86% of websites add `:focus {outline: 0}`. This removes the default outline that browsers use for the focused interactive element. In some cases, they are overridden using some custom styling, but not always. This makes it impossible for users to determine which element has focus which in turn hinders navigation. [Sara Souedian](https://twitter.com/SaraSoueidan) has a great article on how to <ahreflang="en"href="https://www.sarasoueidan.com/blog/focus-indicators/">design WCAG-compliant focus indicators</a>. However, it's exciting to see that 9% of websites have `:focus-visible` compared to only 0.6% last year. This is definitely a step in the right direction.
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We found that 86% of websites add `:focus {outline: 0}`. This removes the default outline that browsers use for the focused interactive element. In some cases, they are overridden using some custom styling, but not always. This makes it impossible for users to determine which element has focus which in turn hinders navigation. [Sara Soueidan](https://twitter.com/SaraSoueidan) has a great article on how to <ahreflang="en"href="https://www.sarasoueidan.com/blog/focus-indicators/">design WCAG-compliant focus indicators</a>. However, it's exciting to see that 9% of websites have `:focus-visible` compared to only 0.6% last year. This is definitely a step in the right direction.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: src/content/en/2022/privacy.md
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## Established controls to improve visitor's privacy
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As websites include a lot of content (scripts, plugins... etc.) from third parties that they might not entirely trust, they might want to protect their users' privacy from these third parties. Next, we explore the various controls that can be used to restrict the features or data that third parties have access to, or that make it explicitly clear which information a website wants to obtain from a user.
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As websites include a lot of content (scripts, plugins, etc.) from third parties that they might not entirely trust, they might want to protect their users' privacy from these third parties. Next, we explore the various controls that can be used to restrict the features or data that third parties have access to, or that make it explicitly clear which information a website wants to obtain from a user.
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### Permissions Policy
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When we look at the directives that are used in the Permissions Policy, we see a similar usage compared to [last year](../2021/privacy), with the exception of the one that's most widely used in 2022, namely `interest-cohort`. This directive can be used to limit the access to the now-defunct FLoC API. Presumably, this increase can be attributed to the various shortcomings of FLoC (increases fingerprinting surface, reveals potentially sensitive information about users... etc.) where website owners, providers and libraries took an active step in trying to protect the privacy of their users.
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When we look at the directives that are used in the Permissions Policy, we see a similar usage compared to [last year](../2021/privacy), with the exception of the one that's most widely used in 2022, namely `interest-cohort`. This directive can be used to limit the access to the now-defunct FLoC API. Presumably, this increase can be attributed to the various shortcomings of FLoC (increases fingerprinting surface, reveals potentially sensitive information about users, etc.) where website owners, providers and libraries took an active step in trying to protect the privacy of their users.
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### Referrer Policy
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### User-Agent Client Hints
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In an effort to reduce the information that is revealed about the browser environment, and more specifically the `User-Agent` string, the <ahreflang="en"href="https://wicg.github.io/ua-client-hints/">User-Agent Client Hints</a> mechanism was introduced. Through this feature, websites that want to access certain information about the user's browsing environment (browser version, operating system... etc.) now have to set a header (`Accept-CH`) in the first response, upon which the browser will send the requested data in subsequent requests. Among other benefits, this feature reduces the fingerprinting surface and allows browsers to intervene in sending certain data, for example, via the <ahreflang="en"href="https://github.com/mikewest/privacy-budget">Privacy Budget</a> proposal.
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In an effort to reduce the information that is revealed about the browser environment, and more specifically the `User-Agent` string, the <ahreflang="en"href="https://wicg.github.io/ua-client-hints/">User-Agent Client Hints</a> mechanism was introduced. Through this feature, websites that want to access certain information about the user's browsing environment (browser version, operating system, etc.) now have to set a header (`Accept-CH`) in the first response, upon which the browser will send the requested data in subsequent requests. Among other benefits, this feature reduces the fingerprinting surface and allows browsers to intervene in sending certain data, for example, via the <ahreflang="en"href="https://github.com/mikewest/privacy-budget">Privacy Budget</a> proposal.
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{{ figure_markup(
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image="client-hints-by-rank.png",
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Generally, it seems that websites are starting to hear the call of users to respect their privacy—a call that is getting louder and louder. More and more sites are switching to employing browser features that restrict the information that is sent to third parties. Furthermore, mainly motivated by privacy regulations such as GDPR and CCPA, we are seeing a clear increase —almost 60%—in the adoption of consent management platforms (CMPs), giving users more control over which information they want to share.
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Finally, on the side of the browsers, we are also seeing a strong evolution towards providing users with more control of their online privacy. Next to the features that several privacy-focused browsers offer as a built-in solution, there is also the Privacy Sandbox initiative that aims to continue providing the current functionalities on the web—such as targeted advertising, anti-fraud, attribution of purchases... etc.—without the nefarious side-effects of cross-site tracking. Although the development is still in fairly early stages, we see that web services on a substantial number of websites are already opting-in to the Origin Trial. As such, the features are extensively being tested, and are likely to become a persistent part of the web.
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Finally, on the side of the browsers, we are also seeing a strong evolution towards providing users with more control of their online privacy. Next to the features that several privacy-focused browsers offer as a built-in solution, there is also the Privacy Sandbox initiative that aims to continue providing the current functionalities on the web—such as targeted advertising, anti-fraud, attribution of purchases, etc.—without the nefarious side-effects of cross-site tracking. Although the development is still in fairly early stages, we see that web services on a substantial number of websites are already opting-in to the Origin Trial. As such, the features are extensively being tested, and are likely to become a persistent part of the web.
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While it may still take a couple of years to finally get there, we are transitioning towards a web that gives users more control over what they want to share with which parties. We can see this convergence on both sides of the spectrum: on the one hand initiated by the website, and on the other hand enforced by the browser. We can be hopeful that in the not-so-distant future the data we share, is the data that we intend to share, and the journey on the web that we take on a day-to-day basis no longer needs to be collected, shared, and analyzed by the numerous trackers that we currently encounter—in the hope of respectfully tomorrow for all.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: src/content/es/2022/privacy.md
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## Controles establecidos para mejorar la privacidad del usuario
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Dado que los sitios web incluyen mucho contenido de terceros (scripts, plugins... etc.) en el que no tienen por qué confiar plenamente, pueden proteger la privacidad de sus usuarios de estas terceras partes. A continuación exploraremos los diferentes controles que se pueden usar para restringir los datos o funcionalidades a los que tienen acceso los terceros, o para dejarles explícitamente claro qué información del usuario puede obtener un sitio web.
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Dado que los sitios web incluyen mucho contenido de terceros (scripts, plugins, etc.) en el que no tienen por qué confiar plenamente, pueden proteger la privacidad de sus usuarios de estas terceras partes. A continuación exploraremos los diferentes controles que se pueden usar para restringir los datos o funcionalidades a los que tienen acceso los terceros, o para dejarles explícitamente claro qué información del usuario puede obtener un sitio web.
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