Add about_Error_Handling and fix error terminology across docs

Create a comprehensive about_Error_Handling reference topic that documents
PowerShell's three error categories: non-terminating, statement-terminating,
and script-terminating errors. Correct false claims in about_CommonParameters
and about_Preference_Variables that state -ErrorAction and
$ErrorActionPreference have "no effect on terminating errors." Update
about_Try_Catch_Finally, about_Throw, about_Trap, and
everything-about-exceptions to use precise terminology consistent with
existing usage in about_Calculated_Properties, about_Pipeline_Chain_Operators,
and about_Pwsh.

Fixes #1583

Author: SufficientDaikon

reference/7.6/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/About/about_CommonParameters.md

@@ -105,8 +105,9 @@ the display of debugging messages when `$DebugPreference` isn't
 ### -ErrorAction
 
 Determines how the cmdlet responds to a non-terminating error from the command.
-This parameter works only when the command generates a non-terminating error,
-such as those from the `Write-Error` cmdlet.
+This parameter overrides the value of the `$ErrorActionPreference` variable for
+non-terminating errors generated by the command, such as those from the
+`Write-Error` cmdlet.
 
 ```yaml
 Type: ActionPreference
@@ -124,9 +125,12 @@ variable for the current command. Because the default value of the
 `$ErrorActionPreference` variable is `Continue`, error messages are displayed
 and execution continues unless you use the `ErrorAction` parameter.
 
-The `ErrorAction` parameter has no effect on terminating errors (such as
-missing data, parameters that aren't valid, or insufficient permissions) that
-prevent a command from completing successfully.
+The `-ErrorAction` parameter doesn't prevent statement-terminating errors
+(such as missing data, parameters that aren't valid, or insufficient
+permissions) from stopping the current statement. However, when set to `Stop`,
+it escalates non-terminating errors to statement-terminating errors, making
+them catchable by `try/catch`. For more information about error categories, see
+[about_Error_Handling][15].
 
 - `Break` Enters the debugger when an error occurs or an exception is raised.
 - `Continue` displays the error message and continues executing the command.
@@ -139,7 +143,10 @@ prevent a command from completing successfully.
   continuing execution. This value is rarely used.
 - `SilentlyContinue` suppresses the error message and continues executing the
   command.
-- `Stop` displays the error message and stops executing the command.
+- `Stop` displays the error message and stops executing the command. The
+  `Stop` value escalates the non-terminating error to a statement-terminating
+  error by generating an `ActionPreferenceStopException`. The error can then
+  be caught by a `try/catch` block or `trap` statement.
 - `Suspend` is only available for workflows which aren't supported in
   PowerShell 6 and beyond.
 
@@ -817,6 +824,7 @@ Mode                LastWriteTime     Length Name
 
 <!-- Using backtick on cmdlet names to avoid localization -->
 - [about_Preference_Variables][03]
+- [about_Error_Handling][15]
 - [`Write-Debug`][11]
 - [`Write-Error`][12]
 - [`Write-Verbose`][13]
@@ -832,4 +840,5 @@ Mode                LastWriteTime     Length Name
 [12]: xref:Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility.Write-Error
 [13]: xref:Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility.Write-Verbose
 [14]: xref:Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility.Write-Warning
+[15]: about_Error_Handling.md