diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
index b61f777685b7..6eb387fc0319 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
@@ -876,6 +876,38 @@ TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeParser) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeLocaleDirectives) {
+  // Directives that use the names and formats of the C locale
+  struct Case {
+    std::string format;
+    std::string value;
+    std::string iso8601;
+  };
+
+  std::vector<Case> cases = {
+      {"%a %d %b %Y", "Sun 15 Feb 2015", "2015-02-15 00:00:00"},
+      {"%A %d %B %Y", "Sunday 15 February 2015", "2015-02-15 00:00:00"},
+      {"%d %h %Y", "15 Feb 2015", "2015-02-15 00:00:00"},
+      {"%d-%b-%Y", "15-feb-2015", "2015-02-15 00:00:00"},
+      {"%c", "Sun Feb 15 14:30:00 2015", "2015-02-15 14:30:00"},
+      {"%m/%d/%Y %I:%M %p", "02/15/2015 02:30 PM", "2015-02-15 14:30:00"},
+      {"%Y-%m-%d %r", "2015-02-15 02:30:00 PM", "2015-02-15 14:30:00"},
+      {"%x", "02/15/15", "2015-02-15 00:00:00"},
+      {"%Y-%m-%d %X", "2015-02-15 14:30:00", "2015-02-15 14:30:00"},
+  };
+
+  for (const auto& case_ : cases) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(case_.format);
+    auto parser = TimestampParser::MakeStrptime(case_.format);
+    int64_t converted, expected;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(
+        (*parser)(case_.value.c_str(), case_.value.size(), TimeUnit::SECOND, &converted));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ParseTimestampISO8601(case_.iso8601.c_str(), case_.iso8601.size(),
+                                      TimeUnit::SECOND, &expected));
+    ASSERT_EQ(expected, converted);
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeZoneOffset) {
   if (!kStrptimeSupportsZone) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "strptime does not support %z on this platform";
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/vendored/musl/strptime.c b/cpp/src/arrow/vendored/musl/strptime.c
index 41912fd1bbf4..eb325108b8a8 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/vendored/musl/strptime.c
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/vendored/musl/strptime.c
@@ -23,6 +23,25 @@
 
 #ifdef HAVE_LANGINFO
 #include <langinfo.h>
+#else
+// C-locale replacement for nl_langinfo(), restricted to the items used below.
+// The values are those of the POSIX locale (LC_TIME in POSIX.1, chapter 7),
+// as in musl's own C locale (c_time in src/locale/langinfo.c), and in the
+// same order, which the symbolic_range loop relies on: full names directly
+// follow the abbreviated ones.
+enum { ABDAY_1 = 0, DAY_1 = 7, ABMON_1 = 14, MON_1 = 26, AM_STR = 38, PM_STR = 39,
+	D_T_FMT = 40, D_FMT = 41, T_FMT = 42, T_FMT_AMPM = 43 };
+static const char *arrow_c_langinfo[] = {
+	"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat",
+	"Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday",
+	"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+	"Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec",
+	"January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June",
+	"July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December",
+	"AM", "PM",
+	"%a %b %e %T %Y", "%m/%d/%y", "%H:%M:%S", "%I:%M:%S %p"};
+#define nl_langinfo(x) arrow_c_langinfo[x]
+#define HAVE_LANGINFO 1
 #endif
 
 #define strptime arrow_strptime
diff --git a/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-funcs-datetime.R b/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-funcs-datetime.R
index db036bcdea11..2f99b6d75026 100644
--- a/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-funcs-datetime.R
+++ b/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-funcs-datetime.R
@@ -238,8 +238,6 @@ test_that("strptime works for individual formats", {
       collect()
   )
 
-  # Some formats are not supported on Windows
-  skip_on_os("windows")
   expect_equal(
     strptime_test_df |>
       arrow_table() |>