diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h
index 195cdc843ac..2bea84f9e4c 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h
@@ -826,9 +826,16 @@ static inline bool ParseTimestampStrptime(const char* buf, size_t length,
   if (!allow_trailing_chars && static_cast<size_t>(ret - clean_copy.c_str()) != length) {
     return false;
   }
+  // tm_year + 1900 can overflow int (e.g. with %s), and date::year only
+  // holds 16 bits
+  const int64_t year = static_cast<int64_t>(result.tm_year) + 1900;
+  if (year < static_cast<int>(arrow_vendored::date::year::min()) ||
+      year > static_cast<int>(arrow_vendored::date::year::max())) {
+    return false;
+  }
   // ignore the time part
   arrow_vendored::date::sys_seconds secs =
-      arrow_vendored::date::sys_days(arrow_vendored::date::year(result.tm_year + 1900) /
+      arrow_vendored::date::sys_days(arrow_vendored::date::year(static_cast<int>(year)) /
                                      (result.tm_mon + 1) / std::max(result.tm_mday, 1));
   if (!ignore_time_in_day) {
     secs += (std::chrono::hours(result.tm_hour) + std::chrono::minutes(result.tm_min) +
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
index b61f777685b..7be657f822e 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
@@ -876,6 +876,25 @@ TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeParser) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeYearOutOfRange) {
+  auto parser = TimestampParser::MakeStrptime("%s");
+  int64_t converted = 0;
+  // A value past 2038 (2100-01-01), as a strptime that parses %s into a 32-bit
+  // time_t wraps larger values into ordinary dates
+  if (!(*parser)("4102444800", 10, TimeUnit::SECOND, &converted) ||
+      converted != 4102444800) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "strptime does not support 64-bit %s values on this platform";
+  }
+
+  // Years that do not fit in a date::year are rejected rather than wrapped,
+  // also where tm_year + 1900 would overflow int
+  for (const std::string value :
+       {"1000000000000000", "67768036000000000", "67768036191676799"}) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(value);
+    ASSERT_FALSE((*parser)(value.c_str(), value.size(), TimeUnit::SECOND, &converted));
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeZoneOffset) {
   if (!kStrptimeSupportsZone) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "strptime does not support %z on this platform";