diff --git a/src/iceberg/avro/avro_data_util.cc b/src/iceberg/avro/avro_data_util.cc
index 17bbb394b..fb2f58bd1 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/avro/avro_data_util.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/avro/avro_data_util.cc
@@ -457,6 +457,11 @@ Status AppendFieldToBuilder(const ::avro::NodePtr& avro_node,
                             const SchemaField& projected_field,
                             const arrow::MetadataColumnContext& metadata_context,
                             ::arrow::ArrayBuilder* array_builder) {
+  if (projection.kind == FieldProjection::Kind::kNull) {
+    ICEBERG_ARROW_RETURN_NOT_OK(array_builder->AppendNull());
+    return {};
+  }
+
   if (avro_node->type() == ::avro::AVRO_UNION) {
     size_t branch = avro_datum.unionBranch();
     if (avro_node->leafAt(branch)->type() == ::avro::AVRO_NULL) {
@@ -507,6 +512,9 @@ Status ExtractDatumFromArray(const ::arrow::Array& array, int64_t index,
   }
 
   if (array.IsNull(index)) {
+    if (datum->type() == ::avro::AVRO_NULL) {
+      return {};
+    }
     if (!datum->isUnion()) [[unlikely]] {
       return InvalidSchema("Cannot extract null to non-union type: {}",
                            ::avro::toString(datum->type()));
diff --git a/src/iceberg/avro/avro_direct_decoder.cc b/src/iceberg/avro/avro_direct_decoder.cc
index cb4e869cc..19ce77bbd 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/avro/avro_direct_decoder.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/avro/avro_direct_decoder.cc
@@ -588,6 +588,12 @@ Status DecodeFieldToBuilder(const ::avro::NodePtr& avro_node, ::avro::Decoder& d
                             const SchemaField& projected_field,
                             const arrow::MetadataColumnContext& metadata_context,
                             ::arrow::ArrayBuilder* array_builder, DecodeContext& ctx) {
+  if (projection.kind == FieldProjection::Kind::kNull) {
+    ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(SkipAvroValue(avro_node, decoder));
+    ICEBERG_ARROW_RETURN_NOT_OK(array_builder->AppendNull());
+    return {};
+  }
+
   if (avro_node->type() == ::avro::AVRO_UNION) {
     const size_t branch_index = decoder.decodeUnionIndex();
 
diff --git a/src/iceberg/avro/avro_direct_encoder.cc b/src/iceberg/avro/avro_direct_encoder.cc
index caab7f699..5dcfd2511 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/avro/avro_direct_encoder.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/avro/avro_direct_encoder.cc
@@ -80,15 +80,16 @@ Status EncodeArrowToAvro(const ::avro::NodePtr& avro_node, ::avro::Encoder& enco
     return EncodeArrowToAvro(branches.value_node, encoder, type, array, row_index, ctx);
   }
 
+  if (avro_node->type() == ::avro::AVRO_NULL) {
+    encoder.encodeNull();
+    return {};
+  }
+
   if (is_null) {
     return InvalidArgument("Null value in non-nullable field");
   }
 
   switch (avro_node->type()) {
-    case ::avro::AVRO_NULL:
-      encoder.encodeNull();
-      return {};
-
     case ::avro::AVRO_BOOL: {
       const auto& bool_array =
           internal::checked_cast<const ::arrow::BooleanArray&>(array);
diff --git a/src/iceberg/avro/avro_schema_util.cc b/src/iceberg/avro/avro_schema_util.cc
index 3d61d283f..4ecd87ebc 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/avro/avro_schema_util.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/avro/avro_schema_util.cc
@@ -237,6 +237,11 @@ Status ToAvroNodeVisitor::Visit(const BinaryType& type, ::avro::NodePtr* node) {
   return {};
 }
 
+Status ToAvroNodeVisitor::Visit(const UnknownType&, ::avro::NodePtr* node) {
+  *node = std::make_shared<::avro::NodePrimitive>(::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+  return {};
+}
+
 Status ToAvroNodeVisitor::Visit(const StructType& type, ::avro::NodePtr* node) {
   *node = std::make_shared<::avro::NodeRecord>();
 
@@ -338,7 +343,7 @@ Status ToAvroNodeVisitor::Visit(const SchemaField& field, ::avro::NodePtr* node)
   field_ids_.push(field.field_id());
   ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(VisitTypeInline(*field.type(), /*visitor=*/this, node));
 
-  if (field.optional()) {
+  if (field.optional() && (*node)->type() != ::avro::AVRO_NULL) {
     ::avro::MultiLeaves union_types;
     union_types.add(std::make_shared<::avro::NodePrimitive>(::avro::AVRO_NULL));
     union_types.add(std::move(*node));
@@ -383,8 +388,8 @@ Status HasIdVisitor::Visit(const ::avro::NodePtr& node) {
     case ::avro::AVRO_STRING:
     case ::avro::AVRO_BYTES:
     case ::avro::AVRO_FIXED:
-      return {};
     case ::avro::AVRO_NULL:
+      return {};
     case ::avro::AVRO_ENUM:
     default:
       return InvalidSchema("Unsupported Avro type: {}", static_cast<int>(node->type()));
@@ -512,6 +517,10 @@ Result<int32_t> GetFieldId(const ::avro::NodePtr& node, size_t field_idx) {
 
 Status ValidateAvroSchemaEvolution(const Type& expected_type,
                                    const ::avro::NodePtr& avro_node) {
+  if (avro_node->type() == ::avro::AVRO_NULL) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
   switch (expected_type.type_id()) {
     case TypeId::kBoolean:
       if (avro_node->type() == ::avro::AVRO_BOOL) {
@@ -615,6 +624,8 @@ Status ValidateAvroSchemaEvolution(const Type& expected_type,
         return {};
       }
       break;
+    case TypeId::kUnknown:
+      return {};
     default:
       break;
   }
@@ -650,6 +661,35 @@ Result<FieldProjection> ProjectNested(const Type& expected_type,
                                       const ::avro::NodePtr& avro_node,
                                       bool prune_source);
 
+Result<FieldProjection> ProjectField(const SchemaField& expected_field,
+                                     const ::avro::NodePtr& avro_node,
+                                     size_t source_index, bool prune_source) {
+  const Type& expected_type = *expected_field.type();
+  ::avro::NodePtr field_node;
+  ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(UnwrapUnion(avro_node, &field_node));
+
+  FieldProjection projection;
+  if (expected_type.type_id() == TypeId::kUnknown ||
+      field_node->type() == ::avro::AVRO_NULL) {
+    if (!expected_field.optional()) {
+      return InvalidSchema("Cannot project required field with ID: {} as null",
+                           expected_field.field_id());
+    }
+    projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kNull;
+    return projection;
+  }
+
+  if (expected_type.is_nested()) {
+    ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(projection,
+                            ProjectNested(expected_type, field_node, prune_source));
+  } else {
+    ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(ValidateAvroSchemaEvolution(expected_type, field_node));
+  }
+  projection.from = source_index;
+  projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected;
+  return projection;
+}
+
 Result<FieldProjection> ProjectStruct(const StructType& struct_type,
                                       const ::avro::NodePtr& avro_node,
                                       bool prune_source) {
@@ -685,18 +725,9 @@ Result<FieldProjection> ProjectStruct(const StructType& struct_type,
     FieldProjection child_projection;
 
     if (auto iter = node_info_map.find(field_id); iter != node_info_map.cend()) {
-      ::avro::NodePtr field_node;
-      ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(UnwrapUnion(iter->second.field_node, &field_node));
-      if (expected_field.type()->is_nested()) {
-        ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
-            child_projection,
-            ProjectNested(*expected_field.type(), field_node, prune_source));
-      } else {
-        ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(
-            ValidateAvroSchemaEvolution(*expected_field.type(), field_node));
-      }
-      child_projection.from = iter->second.local_index;
-      child_projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected;
+      ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(child_projection,
+                              ProjectField(expected_field, iter->second.field_node,
+                                           iter->second.local_index, prune_source));
     } else if (MetadataColumns::IsMetadataColumn(field_id)) {
       child_projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kMetadata;
     } else if (expected_field.optional()) {
@@ -733,20 +764,9 @@ Result<FieldProjection> ProjectList(const ListType& list_type,
   }
 
   FieldProjection element_projection;
-  ::avro::NodePtr element_node;
-  ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(UnwrapUnion(avro_node->leafAt(0), &element_node));
-  if (expected_element_field.type()->is_nested()) {
-    ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
-        element_projection,
-        ProjectNested(*expected_element_field.type(), element_node, prune_source));
-  } else {
-    ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(
-        ValidateAvroSchemaEvolution(*expected_element_field.type(), element_node));
-  }
-
-  // Set the element projection metadata but preserve its children
-  element_projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected;
-  element_projection.from = size_t{0};
+  ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(element_projection,
+                          ProjectField(expected_element_field, avro_node->leafAt(0),
+                                       /*source_index*/ size_t{0}, prune_source));
 
   FieldProjection result;
   result.children.emplace_back(std::move(element_projection));
@@ -802,18 +822,10 @@ Result<FieldProjection> ProjectMap(const MapType& map_type,
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < map_node->leaves(); ++i) {
     FieldProjection sub_projection;
-    ::avro::NodePtr sub_node;
-    ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(UnwrapUnion(map_node->leafAt(i), &sub_node));
     const auto& expected_sub_field = map_type.fields()[i];
-    if (expected_sub_field.type()->is_nested()) {
-      ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(sub_projection, ProjectNested(*expected_sub_field.type(),
-                                                            sub_node, prune_source));
-    } else {
-      ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(
-          ValidateAvroSchemaEvolution(*expected_sub_field.type(), sub_node));
-    }
-    sub_projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected;
-    sub_projection.from = i;
+    ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
+        sub_projection,
+        ProjectField(expected_sub_field, map_node->leafAt(i), i, prune_source));
     result.children.emplace_back(std::move(sub_projection));
   }
 
@@ -1049,9 +1061,9 @@ Result<::avro::NodePtr> MakeAvroNodeWithFieldIds(const ::avro::NodePtr& original
     case ::avro::AVRO_STRING:
     case ::avro::AVRO_BYTES:
     case ::avro::AVRO_FIXED:
+    case ::avro::AVRO_NULL:
       // For primitive types, just return a copy
       return original_node;
-    case ::avro::AVRO_NULL:
     case ::avro::AVRO_ENUM:
     default:
       return InvalidSchema("Unsupported Avro type for field ID application: {}",
diff --git a/src/iceberg/avro/avro_schema_util_internal.h b/src/iceberg/avro/avro_schema_util_internal.h
index e3b7a7ffd..f5049e5cf 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/avro/avro_schema_util_internal.h
+++ b/src/iceberg/avro/avro_schema_util_internal.h
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ class ToAvroNodeVisitor {
   Status Visit(const UuidType& type, ::avro::NodePtr* node);
   Status Visit(const FixedType& type, ::avro::NodePtr* node);
   Status Visit(const BinaryType& type, ::avro::NodePtr* node);
+  Status Visit(const UnknownType&, ::avro::NodePtr*);
   Status Visit(const StructType& type, ::avro::NodePtr* node);
   Status Visit(const ListType& type, ::avro::NodePtr* node);
   Status Visit(const MapType& type, ::avro::NodePtr* node);
diff --git a/src/iceberg/json_serde.cc b/src/iceberg/json_serde.cc
index 3944e510c..550d0f07e 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/json_serde.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/json_serde.cc
@@ -377,6 +377,8 @@ nlohmann::json ToJson(const Type& type) {
     }
     case TypeId::kUuid:
       return "uuid";
+    case TypeId::kUnknown:
+      return "unknown";
   }
   std::unreachable();
 }
@@ -502,6 +504,8 @@ Result<std::unique_ptr<Type>> TypeFromJson(const nlohmann::json& json) {
       return std::make_unique<BinaryType>();
     } else if (type_str == "uuid") {
       return std::make_unique<UuidType>();
+    } else if (type_str == "unknown") {
+      return std::make_unique<UnknownType>();
     } else if (type_str.starts_with("fixed")) {
       std::regex fixed_regex(R"(fixed\[\s*(\d+)\s*\])");
       std::smatch match;
@@ -949,6 +953,7 @@ Result<std::shared_ptr<Schema>> ParseSchemas(
     for (const auto& schema_json : schema_array) {
       ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(std::shared_ptr<Schema> schema,
                               SchemaFromJson(schema_json));
+      ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(schema->Validate(format_version));
       if (schema->schema_id() == current_schema_id) {
         current_schema = schema;
       }
@@ -965,6 +970,7 @@ Result<std::shared_ptr<Schema>> ParseSchemas(
     ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(auto schema_json,
                             GetJsonValue<nlohmann::json>(json, kSchema));
     ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(current_schema, SchemaFromJson(schema_json));
+    ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(current_schema->Validate(format_version));
     current_schema_id = current_schema->schema_id();
     schemas.push_back(current_schema);
   }
diff --git a/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_data_util.cc b/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_data_util.cc
index 43efd1cbd..0c7c6c2ca 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_data_util.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_data_util.cc
@@ -140,6 +140,12 @@ Result<std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array>> ProjectStructArray(
     projected_arrays.emplace_back(std::move(projected_array));
   }
 
+  if (projected_arrays.empty()) {
+    return std::make_shared<::arrow::StructArray>(
+        output_struct_type, struct_array->length(), projected_arrays,
+        struct_array->null_bitmap(), struct_array->null_count(), struct_array->offset());
+  }
+
   ICEBERG_ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(
       auto output_array,
       ::arrow::StructArray::Make(projected_arrays, output_struct_type->fields(),
@@ -166,7 +172,14 @@ Result<std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array>> ProjectListArrayImpl(
   const auto& output_element_type = output_list_type->value_type();
 
   std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array> projected_values;
-  if (element_field.type()->is_nested()) {
+  if (element_projection.kind == FieldProjection::Kind::kNull) {
+    ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
+        projected_values,
+        MakeNullArray(output_element_type, list_array->values()->length(), pool));
+  } else if (element_projection.kind != FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected) {
+    return NotImplemented("Unsupported list element projection kind: {}",
+                          ToString(element_projection.kind));
+  } else if (element_field.type()->is_nested()) {
     const auto& nested_type =
         internal::checked_cast<const NestedType&>(*element_field.type());
     ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
@@ -219,7 +232,14 @@ Result<std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array>> ProjectMapArray(
 
   // Project keys
   std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array> projected_keys;
-  if (key_type->is_nested()) {
+  if (key_projection.kind == FieldProjection::Kind::kNull) {
+    ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
+        projected_keys,
+        MakeNullArray(output_map_type->key_type(), map_array->keys()->length(), pool));
+  } else if (key_projection.kind != FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected) {
+    return NotImplemented("Unsupported map key projection kind: {}",
+                          ToString(key_projection.kind));
+  } else if (key_type->is_nested()) {
     const auto& nested_type = internal::checked_cast<const NestedType&>(*key_type);
     ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
         projected_keys,
@@ -233,7 +253,14 @@ Result<std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array>> ProjectMapArray(
 
   // Project values
   std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array> projected_items;
-  if (value_type->is_nested()) {
+  if (value_projection.kind == FieldProjection::Kind::kNull) {
+    ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
+        projected_items,
+        MakeNullArray(output_map_type->item_type(), map_array->items()->length(), pool));
+  } else if (value_projection.kind != FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected) {
+    return NotImplemented("Unsupported map value projection kind: {}",
+                          ToString(value_projection.kind));
+  } else if (value_type->is_nested()) {
     const auto& nested_type = internal::checked_cast<const NestedType&>(*value_type);
     ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
         projected_items,
diff --git a/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_schema_util.cc b/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_schema_util.cc
index 849bbd1f8..39e321d9f 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_schema_util.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_schema_util.cc
@@ -59,10 +59,61 @@ std::optional<int32_t> GetFieldId(const ::parquet::arrow::SchemaField& parquet_f
   return FieldIdFromMetadata(parquet_field.field->metadata());
 }
 
-// TODO(gangwu): support v3 unknown type
+bool IsNullPhysicalField(const ::parquet::arrow::SchemaField& parquet_field) {
+  return parquet_field.field->type()->id() == ::arrow::Type::NA;
+}
+
+bool HasSelectedColumn(const FieldProjection& projection) {
+  if (projection.attributes) {
+    const auto& attributes =
+        internal::checked_cast<const ParquetExtraAttributes&>(*projection.attributes);
+    if (attributes.column_id) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return std::ranges::any_of(projection.children, HasSelectedColumn);
+}
+
+std::optional<int32_t> FirstColumnIndex(
+    const ::parquet::arrow::SchemaField& parquet_field) {
+  if (parquet_field.column_index >= 0) {
+    return parquet_field.column_index;
+  }
+  for (const auto& child : parquet_field.children) {
+    if (auto column_index = FirstColumnIndex(child)) {
+      return column_index;
+    }
+  }
+  return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+// Pick a physical column as an anchor when all children are null-projected,
+// so that Parquet readers can still locate row boundaries.
+void SelectAnchorColumnIfEmpty(
+    FieldProjection* projection,
+    const std::vector<::parquet::arrow::SchemaField>& parquet_fields) {
+  if (HasSelectedColumn(*projection)) {
+    return;
+  }
+  for (const auto& parquet_field : parquet_fields) {
+    if (auto column_index = FirstColumnIndex(parquet_field)) {
+      projection->attributes =
+          std::make_shared<ParquetExtraAttributes>(column_index.value());
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
 Status ValidateParquetSchemaEvolution(
     const Type& expected_type, const ::parquet::arrow::SchemaField& parquet_field) {
   const auto& arrow_type = parquet_field.field->type();
+  // Some Parquet files may contain null-only physical fields. Allow reading them as
+  // any optional projected field type.
+  if (arrow_type->id() == ::arrow::Type::NA) {
+    return {};
+  }
   switch (expected_type.type_id()) {
     case TypeId::kBoolean:
       if (arrow_type->id() == ::arrow::Type::BOOL) {
@@ -186,6 +237,8 @@ Status ValidateParquetSchemaEvolution(
         }
       }
       break;
+    case TypeId::kUnknown:
+      return {};
     case TypeId::kStruct:
       if (arrow_type->id() == ::arrow::Type::STRUCT) {
         return {};
@@ -209,11 +262,42 @@ Status ValidateParquetSchemaEvolution(
                        expected_type, arrow_type->ToString());
 }
 
+namespace {
+
 // Forward declaration
 Result<FieldProjection> ProjectNested(
     const Type& nested_type,
     const std::vector<::parquet::arrow::SchemaField>& parquet_fields);
 
+Result<FieldProjection> ProjectField(const SchemaField& expected_field,
+                                     const ::parquet::arrow::SchemaField& parquet_field,
+                                     size_t source_index) {
+  const Type& expected_type = *expected_field.type();
+
+  FieldProjection projection;
+  if (expected_type.type_id() == TypeId::kUnknown || IsNullPhysicalField(parquet_field)) {
+    if (!expected_field.optional()) {
+      return InvalidSchema("Cannot project required field with id {} as null",
+                           expected_field.field_id());
+    }
+    projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kNull;
+    return projection;
+  }
+
+  ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(ValidateParquetSchemaEvolution(expected_type, parquet_field));
+
+  if (expected_type.is_nested()) {
+    ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(projection,
+                            ProjectNested(expected_type, parquet_field.children));
+  } else {
+    projection.attributes =
+        std::make_shared<ParquetExtraAttributes>(parquet_field.column_index);
+  }
+  projection.from = source_index;
+  projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected;
+  return projection;
+}
+
 Result<FieldProjection> ProjectStruct(
     const StructType& struct_type,
     const std::vector<::parquet::arrow::SchemaField>& parquet_fields) {
@@ -248,17 +332,8 @@ Result<FieldProjection> ProjectStruct(
 
     if (auto iter = field_context_map.find(field_id); iter != field_context_map.cend()) {
       const auto& parquet_field = iter->second.parquet_field;
-      ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(
-          ValidateParquetSchemaEvolution(*field.type(), parquet_field));
-      if (field.type()->is_nested()) {
-        ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(child_projection,
-                                ProjectNested(*field.type(), parquet_field.children));
-      } else {
-        child_projection.attributes =
-            std::make_shared<ParquetExtraAttributes>(parquet_field.column_index);
-      }
-      child_projection.from = iter->second.local_index;
-      child_projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected;
+      ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
+          child_projection, ProjectField(field, parquet_field, iter->second.local_index));
     } else if (MetadataColumns::IsMetadataColumn(field_id)) {
       child_projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kMetadata;
     } else if (field.optional()) {
@@ -270,6 +345,7 @@ Result<FieldProjection> ProjectStruct(
     result.children.emplace_back(std::move(child_projection));
   }
 
+  SelectAnchorColumnIfEmpty(&result, parquet_fields);
   PruneFieldProjection(result);
   return result;
 }
@@ -294,23 +370,12 @@ Result<FieldProjection> ProjectList(
                          element_field.field_id(), element_field_id.value());
   }
 
-  ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(
-      ValidateParquetSchemaEvolution(*element_field.type(), parquet_field));
-
-  FieldProjection element_projection;
-  if (element_field.type()->is_nested()) {
-    ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(element_projection,
-                            ProjectNested(*element_field.type(), parquet_field.children));
-  } else {
-    element_projection.attributes =
-        std::make_shared<ParquetExtraAttributes>(parquet_field.column_index);
-  }
-
-  element_projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected;
-  element_projection.from = size_t{0};
+  ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(auto element_projection,
+                          ProjectField(element_field, parquet_field, size_t{0}));
 
   FieldProjection result;
   result.children.emplace_back(std::move(element_projection));
+  SelectAnchorColumnIfEmpty(&result, parquet_fields);
   return result;
 }
 
@@ -346,23 +411,20 @@ Result<FieldProjection> ProjectMap(
   result.children.reserve(2);
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < parquet_fields.size(); ++i) {
-    FieldProjection sub_projection;
     const auto& sub_node = parquet_fields[i];
     const auto& sub_field = map_type.fields()[i];
-    ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(
-        ValidateParquetSchemaEvolution(*sub_field.type(), sub_node));
-    if (sub_field.type()->is_nested()) {
-      ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(sub_projection,
-                              ProjectNested(*sub_field.type(), sub_node.children));
-    } else {
-      sub_projection.attributes =
-          std::make_shared<ParquetExtraAttributes>(sub_node.column_index);
+    ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(auto sub_projection, ProjectField(sub_field, sub_node, i));
+    if (sub_projection.kind == FieldProjection::Kind::kNull &&
+        !HasSelectedColumn(sub_projection)) {
+      if (auto column_index = FirstColumnIndex(sub_node)) {
+        sub_projection.attributes =
+            std::make_shared<ParquetExtraAttributes>(column_index.value());
+      }
     }
-    sub_projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected;
-    sub_projection.from = i;
     result.children.emplace_back(std::move(sub_projection));
   }
 
+  SelectAnchorColumnIfEmpty(&result, parquet_fields);
   return result;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_schema_util_internal.h b/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_schema_util_internal.h
index 8e06b0bcf..567069291 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_schema_util_internal.h
+++ b/src/iceberg/parquet/parquet_schema_util_internal.h
@@ -62,4 +62,8 @@ std::vector<int32_t> SelectedColumnIndices(const SchemaProjection& projection);
 /// \return True if the Parquet schema has field IDs, false otherwise.
 bool HasFieldIds(const ::parquet::schema::NodePtr& root_node);
 
+/// \brief Validate whether a projected Iceberg type is compatible with a Parquet field.
+Status ValidateParquetSchemaEvolution(const Type& expected_type,
+                                      const ::parquet::arrow::SchemaField& parquet_field);
+
 }  // namespace iceberg::parquet
diff --git a/src/iceberg/row/arrow_array_wrapper.cc b/src/iceberg/row/arrow_array_wrapper.cc
index e97293bcd..0d6d48c15 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/row/arrow_array_wrapper.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/row/arrow_array_wrapper.cc
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ Result<Scalar> ExtractValue(const ArrowSchema* schema, const ArrowArray* array,
   }
 
   switch (array_view->storage_type) {
+    case NANOARROW_TYPE_NA:
+      return std::monostate{};
     case NANOARROW_TYPE_BOOL:
       return static_cast<bool>(ArrowArrayViewGetIntUnsafe(array_view, index));
     case NANOARROW_TYPE_INT32:
diff --git a/src/iceberg/schema.cc b/src/iceberg/schema.cc
index 5fdd47998..5e60b551f 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/schema.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/schema.cc
@@ -35,6 +35,44 @@
 
 namespace iceberg {
 
+namespace {
+
+Status ValidateFieldNullability(const Type& type) {
+  auto validate_field = [&](const SchemaField& field) -> Status {
+    ICEBERG_PRECHECK(field.optional() || field.type()->type_id() != TypeId::kUnknown,
+                     "Unknown type field '{}' must be optional", field.name());
+    return ValidateFieldNullability(*field.type());
+  };
+
+  switch (type.type_id()) {
+    case TypeId::kStruct: {
+      const auto& struct_type = static_cast<const StructType&>(type);
+      for (const auto& field : struct_type.fields()) {
+        ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(validate_field(field));
+      }
+      return {};
+    }
+    case TypeId::kList: {
+      const auto& list_type = static_cast<const ListType&>(type);
+      const auto& element = list_type.element();
+      return validate_field(element);
+    }
+    case TypeId::kMap: {
+      const auto& map_type = static_cast<const MapType&>(type);
+      const auto& key = map_type.key();
+      const auto& value = map_type.value();
+      ICEBERG_PRECHECK(key.type()->type_id() != TypeId::kUnknown,
+                       "Map 'key' cannot be unknown type");
+      ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(ValidateFieldNullability(*key.type()));
+      return validate_field(value);
+    }
+    default:
+      return {};
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
 Schema::Schema(std::vector<SchemaField> fields, int32_t schema_id)
     : StructType(std::move(fields)),
       schema_id_(schema_id),
@@ -282,6 +320,8 @@ bool Schema::SameSchema(const Schema& other) const {
 }
 
 Status Schema::Validate(int32_t format_version) const {
+  ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(ValidateFieldNullability(*this));
+
   // Get all fields including nested ones
   ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(auto id_to_field, cache_->GetIdToFieldMap());
 
diff --git a/src/iceberg/schema_internal.cc b/src/iceberg/schema_internal.cc
index bdd5b859f..c32ceb2a6 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/schema_internal.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/schema_internal.cc
@@ -150,6 +150,9 @@ ArrowErrorCode ToArrowSchema(const Type& type, bool optional, std::string_view n
           ArrowMetadataBuilderAppend(&metadata_buffer, ArrowCharView(kArrowExtensionName),
                                      ArrowCharView(kArrowUuidExtensionName)));
     } break;
+    case TypeId::kUnknown:
+      NANOARROW_RETURN_NOT_OK(ArrowSchemaSetType(schema, NANOARROW_TYPE_NA));
+      break;
   }
 
   if (!name.empty()) {
@@ -217,6 +220,9 @@ Result<std::shared_ptr<Type>> FromArrowSchema(const ArrowSchema& schema) {
 
     auto field_id = GetFieldId(schema);
     bool is_optional = (schema.flags & ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE) != 0;
+    if (field_type->type_id() == TypeId::kUnknown && !is_optional) {
+      return InvalidSchema("Arrow null field '{}' must be nullable", schema.name);
+    }
     return std::make_unique<SchemaField>(field_id, schema.name, std::move(field_type),
                                          is_optional);
   };
@@ -312,6 +318,8 @@ Result<std::shared_ptr<Type>> FromArrowSchema(const ArrowSchema& schema) {
       }
       return iceberg::fixed(schema_view.fixed_size);
     }
+    case NANOARROW_TYPE_NA:
+      return iceberg::unknown();
     default:
       return InvalidSchema("Unsupported Arrow type: {}",
                            ArrowTypeString(schema_view.type));
diff --git a/src/iceberg/schema_util.cc b/src/iceberg/schema_util.cc
index 4acdab631..4ff678fc6 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/schema_util.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/schema_util.cc
@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ Status ValidateSchemaEvolution(const Type& expected_type, const Type& source_typ
   if (expected_type == source_type) {
     return {};
   }
+  if (source_type.type_id() == TypeId::kUnknown && expected_type.is_primitive()) {
+    return {};
+  }
 
   switch (expected_type.type_id()) {
     case TypeId::kLong: {
@@ -79,6 +82,50 @@ Status ValidateSchemaEvolution(const Type& expected_type, const Type& source_typ
   return NotSupported("Cannot read {} from {}", expected_type, source_type);
 }
 
+Result<FieldProjection> ProjectNested(const Type& expected_type, const Type& source_type,
+                                      bool prune_source);
+
+Result<FieldProjection> ProjectField(const SchemaField& expected_field,
+                                     const SchemaField& source_field, size_t source_index,
+                                     bool prune_source) {
+  FieldProjection projection;
+
+  if (expected_field.type()->type_id() == TypeId::kUnknown) {
+    if (!expected_field.optional()) {
+      return InvalidSchema("Cannot project required field with id {} as null",
+                           expected_field.field_id());
+    }
+    projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kNull;
+    return projection;
+  }
+
+  if (source_field.type()->type_id() == TypeId::kUnknown && !expected_field.optional()) {
+    return InvalidSchema("Cannot project required field with id {} as null",
+                         expected_field.field_id());
+  }
+  if (source_field.type()->type_id() == TypeId::kUnknown &&
+      expected_field.type()->is_nested()) {
+    projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kNull;
+    return projection;
+  }
+
+  if (expected_field.type()->is_nested()) {
+    ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
+        projection,
+        ProjectNested(*expected_field.type(), *source_field.type(), prune_source));
+  } else {
+    ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(
+        ValidateSchemaEvolution(*expected_field.type(), *source_field.type()));
+  }
+
+  // If `prune_source` is false, all fields will be read so the local index is exactly
+  // the position to read data. Otherwise, the local index is computed by pruning all
+  // non-projected fields.
+  projection.from = source_index;
+  projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected;
+  return projection;
+}
+
 Result<FieldProjection> ProjectNested(const Type& expected_type, const Type& source_type,
                                       bool prune_source) {
   if (!expected_type.is_nested()) {
@@ -120,19 +167,9 @@ Result<FieldProjection> ProjectNested(const Type& expected_type, const Type& sou
     FieldProjection child_projection;
 
     if (auto iter = source_field_map.find(field_id); iter != source_field_map.cend()) {
-      if (expected_field.type()->is_nested()) {
-        ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(child_projection,
-                                ProjectNested(*expected_field.type(),
-                                              *iter->second.field->type(), prune_source));
-      } else {
-        ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(
-            ValidateSchemaEvolution(*expected_field.type(), *iter->second.field->type()));
-      }
-      // If `prune_source` is false, all fields will be read so the local index
-      // is exactly the position to read data. Otherwise, the local index is computed
-      // by pruning all non-projected fields
-      child_projection.from = iter->second.local_index;
-      child_projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected;
+      ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(child_projection,
+                              ProjectField(expected_field, *iter->second.field,
+                                           iter->second.local_index, prune_source));
     } else if (MetadataColumns::IsMetadataColumn(field_id)) {
       child_projection.kind = FieldProjection::Kind::kMetadata;
     } else if (expected_field.optional()) {
diff --git a/src/iceberg/table_metadata.h b/src/iceberg/table_metadata.h
index 2f0c7e181..335fedadc 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/table_metadata.h
+++ b/src/iceberg/table_metadata.h
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ struct ICEBERG_EXPORT TableMetadata {
   static inline const std::unordered_map<TypeId, int8_t> kMinFormatVersions = {
       {TypeId::kTimestampNs, 3},
       {TypeId::kTimestampTzNs, 3},
+      {TypeId::kUnknown, 3},
   };
 
   /// An integer version number for the format
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/arrow_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/arrow_test.cc
index dcfdb6b56..2e2a80096 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/arrow_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/arrow_test.cc
@@ -107,7 +107,9 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
         ToArrowSchemaParam{.iceberg_type = iceberg::uuid(),
                            .arrow_type = ::arrow::extension::uuid()},
         ToArrowSchemaParam{.iceberg_type = iceberg::fixed(20),
-                           .arrow_type = ::arrow::fixed_size_binary(20)}));
+                           .arrow_type = ::arrow::fixed_size_binary(20)},
+        ToArrowSchemaParam{.iceberg_type = iceberg::unknown(),
+                           .arrow_type = ::arrow::null()}));
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -233,6 +235,81 @@ TEST(ToArrowSchemaTest, MapType) {
                                           /*nullable=*/true, kValueFieldId));
 }
 
+TEST(ToArrowSchemaTest, NestedUnknownFieldsRoundTrip) {
+  Schema schema(
+      {
+          SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+              /*field_id=*/1, "profile",
+              std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                  SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "mystery",
+                                            iceberg::unknown()),
+              })),
+          SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+              /*field_id=*/3, "mysteries",
+              std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+                  /*field_id=*/4, "element", iceberg::unknown()))),
+          SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+              /*field_id=*/5, "properties",
+              std::make_shared<MapType>(
+                  SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/6, "key", iceberg::string()),
+                  SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/7, "value",
+                                            iceberg::unknown()))),
+      },
+      /*schema_id=*/0);
+
+  ArrowSchema arrow_c_schema;
+  ASSERT_THAT(ToArrowSchema(schema, &arrow_c_schema), IsOk());
+
+  auto imported_schema = ::arrow::ImportSchema(&arrow_c_schema).ValueOrDie();
+  ASSERT_EQ(imported_schema->num_fields(), 3);
+
+  auto profile_type =
+      std::static_pointer_cast<::arrow::StructType>(imported_schema->field(0)->type());
+  ASSERT_EQ(profile_type->num_fields(), 1);
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CheckArrowField(*profile_type->field(0), ::arrow::Type::NA,
+                                          "mystery", /*nullable=*/true,
+                                          /*field_id=*/2));
+
+  auto mysteries_type =
+      std::static_pointer_cast<::arrow::ListType>(imported_schema->field(1)->type());
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CheckArrowField(*mysteries_type->value_field(),
+                                          ::arrow::Type::NA, "element",
+                                          /*nullable=*/true, /*field_id=*/4));
+
+  auto properties_type =
+      std::static_pointer_cast<::arrow::MapType>(imported_schema->field(2)->type());
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CheckArrowField(*properties_type->key_field(),
+                                          ::arrow::Type::STRING, "key",
+                                          /*nullable=*/false, /*field_id=*/6));
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CheckArrowField(*properties_type->item_field(),
+                                          ::arrow::Type::NA, "value",
+                                          /*nullable=*/true, /*field_id=*/7));
+
+  ArrowSchema exported_schema;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(::arrow::ExportSchema(*imported_schema, &exported_schema).ok());
+  auto schema_result = FromArrowSchema(exported_schema, /*schema_id=*/0);
+  ASSERT_THAT(schema_result, IsOk());
+  ArrowSchemaRelease(&exported_schema);
+
+  const auto& round_tripped_schema = *schema_result.value();
+  ASSERT_EQ(round_tripped_schema.fields().size(), 3);
+
+  const auto* profile =
+      dynamic_cast<const StructType*>(round_tripped_schema.fields()[0].type().get());
+  ASSERT_NE(profile, nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(profile->fields()[0].type()->type_id(), TypeId::kUnknown);
+
+  const auto* mysteries =
+      dynamic_cast<const ListType*>(round_tripped_schema.fields()[1].type().get());
+  ASSERT_NE(mysteries, nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(mysteries->fields()[0].type()->type_id(), TypeId::kUnknown);
+
+  const auto* properties =
+      dynamic_cast<const MapType*>(round_tripped_schema.fields()[2].type().get());
+  ASSERT_NE(properties, nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(properties->value().type()->type_id(), TypeId::kUnknown);
+}
+
 struct FromArrowSchemaParam {
   std::shared_ptr<arrow::DataType> arrow_type;
   bool optional = true;
@@ -307,7 +384,51 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
         FromArrowSchemaParam{.arrow_type = ::arrow::extension::uuid(),
                              .iceberg_type = iceberg::uuid()},
         FromArrowSchemaParam{.arrow_type = ::arrow::fixed_size_binary(20),
-                             .iceberg_type = iceberg::fixed(20)}));
+                             .iceberg_type = iceberg::fixed(20)},
+        FromArrowSchemaParam{.arrow_type = ::arrow::null(),
+                             .iceberg_type = iceberg::unknown()}));
+
+TEST(FromArrowSchemaTest, RejectRequiredNullFieldAsUnknown) {
+  auto metadata =
+      ::arrow::key_value_metadata(std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>{
+          {std::string(kParquetFieldIdKey), "1"}});
+  auto arrow_schema = ::arrow::schema({::arrow::field(
+      "mystery", ::arrow::null(), /*nullable=*/false, std::move(metadata))});
+
+  ArrowSchema exported_schema;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(::arrow::ExportSchema(*arrow_schema, &exported_schema).ok());
+
+  auto schema_result = FromArrowSchema(exported_schema, /*schema_id=*/0);
+  ArrowSchemaRelease(&exported_schema);
+
+  ASSERT_THAT(schema_result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
+  ASSERT_THAT(schema_result,
+              HasErrorMessage("Arrow null field 'mystery' must be nullable"));
+}
+
+TEST(FromArrowSchemaTest, RejectRequiredNullListElementAsUnknown) {
+  auto list_metadata =
+      ::arrow::key_value_metadata(std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>{
+          {std::string(kParquetFieldIdKey), "1"}});
+  auto element_metadata =
+      ::arrow::key_value_metadata(std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>{
+          {std::string(kParquetFieldIdKey), "2"}});
+  auto element_field = ::arrow::field("element", ::arrow::null(), /*nullable=*/false,
+                                      std::move(element_metadata));
+  auto arrow_schema =
+      ::arrow::schema({::arrow::field("mysteries", ::arrow::list(element_field),
+                                      /*nullable=*/true, std::move(list_metadata))});
+
+  ArrowSchema exported_schema;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(::arrow::ExportSchema(*arrow_schema, &exported_schema).ok());
+
+  auto schema_result = FromArrowSchema(exported_schema, /*schema_id=*/0);
+  ArrowSchemaRelease(&exported_schema);
+
+  ASSERT_THAT(schema_result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
+  ASSERT_THAT(schema_result,
+              HasErrorMessage("Arrow null field 'element' must be nullable"));
+}
 
 TEST(FromArrowSchemaTest, StructType) {
   constexpr int32_t kStructFieldId = 1;
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/avro_data_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/avro_data_test.cc
index 2979ad9bd..7731f58d3 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/avro_data_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/avro_data_test.cc
@@ -1241,6 +1241,27 @@ TEST(ExtractDatumFromArrayTest, NullHandling) {
   EXPECT_EQ(record2.fieldAt(0).type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
 }
 
+TEST(ExtractDatumFromArrayTest, UnknownType) {
+  Schema iceberg_schema({SchemaField::MakeOptional(1, "a", unknown())});
+  ::avro::NodePtr avro_node;
+  ASSERT_THAT(ToAvroNodeVisitor{}.Visit(iceberg_schema, &avro_node), IsOk());
+
+  ArrowSchema arrow_c_schema;
+  ASSERT_THAT(ToArrowSchema(iceberg_schema, &arrow_c_schema), IsOk());
+  auto arrow_schema = ::arrow::ImportSchema(&arrow_c_schema).ValueOrDie();
+  auto arrow_struct_type = std::make_shared<::arrow::StructType>(arrow_schema->fields());
+
+  auto arrow_array =
+      ::arrow::json::ArrayFromJSONString(arrow_struct_type, R"([{"a": null}])")
+          .ValueOrDie();
+
+  ::avro::GenericDatum datum(avro_node);
+  ASSERT_THAT(ExtractDatumFromArray(*arrow_array, 0, &datum), IsOk());
+
+  const auto& record = datum.value<::avro::GenericRecord>();
+  EXPECT_EQ(record.fieldAt(0).type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+}
+
 struct RoundTripParam {
   std::string name;
   std::shared_ptr<Schema> iceberg_schema;
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/avro_schema_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/avro_schema_test.cc
index dc2cb0a51..ffb668abc 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/avro_schema_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/avro_schema_test.cc
@@ -250,6 +250,12 @@ TEST(ToAvroNodeVisitorTest, BinaryType) {
   EXPECT_EQ(node->type(), ::avro::AVRO_BYTES);
 }
 
+TEST(ToAvroNodeVisitorTest, UnknownType) {
+  ::avro::NodePtr node;
+  EXPECT_THAT(ToAvroNodeVisitor{}.Visit(UnknownType{}, &node), IsOk());
+  EXPECT_EQ(node->type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+}
+
 TEST(ToAvroNodeVisitorTest, StructType) {
   StructType struct_type{{SchemaField{/*field_id=*/1, "bool_field", iceberg::boolean(),
                                       /*optional=*/false},
@@ -276,6 +282,70 @@ TEST(ToAvroNodeVisitorTest, StructType) {
   EXPECT_EQ(node->leafAt(1)->leafAt(1)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_INT);
 }
 
+TEST(ToAvroNodeVisitorTest, OptionalUnknownField) {
+  StructType struct_type{{SchemaField{/*field_id=*/1, "mystery", iceberg::unknown(),
+                                      /*optional=*/true}}};
+
+  ::avro::NodePtr node;
+  EXPECT_THAT(ToAvroNodeVisitor{}.Visit(struct_type, &node), IsOk());
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(node->leaves(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(node->leafAt(0)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+  ASSERT_EQ(node->customAttributes(), 1);
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CheckFieldIdAt(node, /*index=*/0, /*field_id=*/1));
+}
+
+TEST(ToAvroNodeVisitorTest, NestedUnknownFields) {
+  StructType struct_type{
+      {SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+           /*field_id=*/1, "profile",
+           std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+               SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "mystery", iceberg::unknown()),
+           })),
+       SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+           /*field_id=*/3, "mysteries",
+           std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+               /*field_id=*/4, "element", iceberg::unknown()))),
+       SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+           /*field_id=*/5, "properties",
+           std::make_shared<MapType>(
+               SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/6, "key", iceberg::string()),
+               SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/7, "value", iceberg::unknown())))}};
+
+  ::avro::NodePtr node;
+  EXPECT_THAT(ToAvroNodeVisitor{}.Visit(struct_type, &node), IsOk());
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(node->leaves(), 3);
+  auto profile_union = node->leafAt(0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(profile_union->type(), ::avro::AVRO_UNION);
+  auto profile_node = profile_union->leafAt(1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(profile_node->type(), ::avro::AVRO_RECORD);
+  ASSERT_EQ(profile_node->leaves(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(profile_node->leafAt(0)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CheckFieldIdAt(profile_node, /*index=*/0, /*field_id=*/2));
+
+  auto list_union = node->leafAt(1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(list_union->type(), ::avro::AVRO_UNION);
+  auto list_node = list_union->leafAt(1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(list_node->type(), ::avro::AVRO_ARRAY);
+  ASSERT_EQ(list_node->leaves(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(list_node->leafAt(0)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CheckFieldIdAt(list_node, /*index=*/0, /*field_id=*/4,
+                                         /*key=*/"element-id"));
+
+  auto map_union = node->leafAt(2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(map_union->type(), ::avro::AVRO_UNION);
+  auto map_node = map_union->leafAt(1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(map_node->type(), ::avro::AVRO_MAP);
+  ASSERT_EQ(map_node->leaves(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(map_node->leafAt(0)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_STRING);
+  EXPECT_EQ(map_node->leafAt(1)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CheckFieldIdAt(map_node, /*index=*/0, /*field_id=*/6,
+                                         /*key=*/"key-id"));
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(CheckFieldIdAt(map_node, /*index=*/0, /*field_id=*/7,
+                                         /*key=*/"value-id"));
+}
+
 TEST(ToAvroNodeVisitorTest, StructTypeWithFieldNames) {
   StructType struct_type{
       {SchemaField{/*field_id=*/1, "user-name", iceberg::string(),
@@ -480,6 +550,13 @@ TEST(HasIdVisitorTest, HasNoIds) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(visitor.AllHaveIds());
 }
 
+TEST(HasIdVisitorTest, NullType) {
+  HasIdVisitor visitor;
+  EXPECT_THAT(visitor.Visit(::avro::compileJsonSchemaFromString("\"null\"")), IsOk());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(visitor.HasNoIds());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(visitor.AllHaveIds());
+}
+
 TEST(HasIdVisitorTest, RecordWithFieldIds) {
   const std::string schema_json = R"({
     "type": "record",
@@ -899,6 +976,146 @@ TEST(AvroSchemaProjectionTest, ProjectSchemaEvolutionFloatToDouble) {
   ASSERT_EQ(std::get<1>(projection.fields[0].from), 0);
 }
 
+TEST(AvroSchemaProjectionTest, ProjectUnknownExpectedFieldAsNull) {
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/1, "mystery", iceberg::unknown()),
+  });
+
+  std::string avro_schema_json = R"({
+    "type": "record",
+    "name": "iceberg_schema",
+    "fields": [
+      {"name": "mystery", "type": "int", "field-id": 1}
+    ]
+  })";
+  auto avro_schema = ::avro::compileJsonSchemaFromString(avro_schema_json);
+
+  auto projection_result =
+      Project(expected_schema, avro_schema.root(), /*prune_source=*/false);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsOk());
+
+  const auto& projection = *projection_result;
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields.size(), 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[0].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kNull);
+}
+
+TEST(AvroSchemaProjectionTest, ProjectNestedUnknownExpectedFieldsAsNull) {
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/1, "profile",
+          std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "name", iceberg::string()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/3, "mystery", iceberg::unknown()),
+          })),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/4, "mysteries",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+              /*field_id=*/5, "element", iceberg::unknown()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/6, "properties",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(
+              SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/7, "key", iceberg::string()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/8, "value", iceberg::unknown()))),
+  });
+
+  std::string avro_schema_json = R"({
+    "type": "record",
+    "name": "iceberg_schema",
+    "fields": [
+      {"name": "profile", "type": ["null", {
+        "type": "record",
+        "name": "profile_record",
+        "fields": [
+          {"name": "name", "type": ["null", "string"], "field-id": 2},
+          {"name": "mystery", "type": ["null", "int"], "field-id": 3}
+        ]
+      }], "field-id": 1},
+      {"name": "mysteries", "type": ["null", {
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": ["null", "int"],
+        "element-id": 5
+      }], "field-id": 4},
+      {"name": "properties", "type": ["null", {
+        "type": "map",
+        "values": ["null", "int"],
+        "key-id": 7,
+        "value-id": 8
+      }], "field-id": 6}
+    ]
+  })";
+  auto avro_schema = ::avro::compileJsonSchemaFromString(avro_schema_json);
+
+  auto projection_result =
+      Project(expected_schema, avro_schema.root(), /*prune_source=*/false);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsOk());
+
+  const auto& projection = *projection_result;
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields.size(), 3);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[0].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[0].children.size(), 2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[0].children[0].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[0].children[1].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kNull);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[1].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[1].children.size(), 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[1].children[0].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kNull);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[2].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[2].children.size(), 2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[2].children[0].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[2].children[1].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kNull);
+}
+
+TEST(AvroSchemaProjectionTest, RejectNullLeafForRequiredField) {
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/1, "value", iceberg::int32()),
+  });
+
+  std::string avro_schema_json = R"({
+    "type": "record",
+    "name": "iceberg_schema",
+    "fields": [
+      {"name": "value", "type": "null", "field-id": 1}
+    ]
+  })";
+  auto avro_schema = ::avro::compileJsonSchemaFromString(avro_schema_json);
+
+  auto projection_result =
+      Project(expected_schema, avro_schema.root(), /*prune_source=*/false);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result,
+              HasErrorMessage("Cannot project required field with ID: 1 as null"));
+}
+
+TEST(AvroSchemaProjectionTest, RejectNullListElementForRequiredElement) {
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/1, "numbers",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeRequired(
+              /*field_id=*/101, "element", iceberg::int32()))),
+  });
+
+  std::string avro_schema_json = R"({
+    "type": "record",
+    "name": "iceberg_schema",
+    "fields": [
+      {"name": "numbers", "type": ["null", {
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": "null",
+        "element-id": 101
+      }], "field-id": 1}
+    ]
+  })";
+  auto avro_schema = ::avro::compileJsonSchemaFromString(avro_schema_json);
+
+  auto projection_result =
+      Project(expected_schema, avro_schema.root(), /*prune_source=*/false);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result,
+              HasErrorMessage("Cannot project required field with ID: 101 as null"));
+}
+
 TEST(AvroSchemaProjectionTest, ProjectSchemaEvolutionIncompatibleTypes) {
   // Create iceberg schema expecting an int
   Schema expected_schema({
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/avro_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/avro_test.cc
index b74fe829b..ef86ef9e2 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/avro_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/avro_test.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@
  * under the License.
  */
 
+#include <optional>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
 #include <arrow/array.h>
@@ -30,6 +33,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include "iceberg/arrow/arrow_io_internal.h"
+#include "iceberg/avro/avro_constants.h"
 #include "iceberg/avro/avro_register.h"
 #include "iceberg/avro/avro_stream_internal.h"
 #include "iceberg/avro/avro_writer.h"
@@ -45,6 +49,35 @@
 
 namespace iceberg::avro {
 
+namespace {
+
+::avro::NodePtr UnwrapOptional(const ::avro::NodePtr& node) {
+  if (node->type() != ::avro::AVRO_UNION) {
+    return node;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < node->leaves(); ++i) {
+    if (node->leafAt(i)->type() != ::avro::AVRO_NULL) {
+      return node->leafAt(i);
+    }
+  }
+  return node;
+}
+
+std::optional<int32_t> FieldIdAt(const ::avro::NodePtr& node, size_t index) {
+  if (index >= node->customAttributes()) {
+    return std::nullopt;
+  }
+
+  auto field_id = node->customAttributesAt(index).getAttribute(std::string(kFieldIdProp));
+  if (!field_id.has_value()) {
+    return std::nullopt;
+  }
+  return std::stoi(field_id.value());
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
 class AvroReaderTest : public TempFileTestBase {
  protected:
   static void SetUpTestSuite() { RegisterAll(); }
@@ -740,6 +773,14 @@ class AvroWriterTest : public ::testing::Test,
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(VerifyExhausted(*reader));
   }
 
+  ::avro::ValidSchema PhysicalAvroSchema() {
+    auto& mock_io = internal::checked_cast<arrow::ArrowFileSystemFileIO&>(*file_io_);
+    auto input = mock_io.fs()->OpenInputFile(temp_avro_file_).ValueOrDie();
+    auto input_stream = std::make_unique<AvroInputStream>(std::move(input), 1024 * 1024);
+    ::avro::DataFileReader<::avro::GenericDatum> avro_reader(std::move(input_stream));
+    return avro_reader.dataSchema();
+  }
+
   std::shared_ptr<FileIO> file_io_;
   std::string temp_avro_file_;
   bool skip_datum_{true};
@@ -890,6 +931,148 @@ TEST_P(AvroWriterTest, WriteOptionalFields) {
   VerifyWrittenData(test_data);
 }
 
+TEST_P(AvroWriterTest, WritesUnknownFieldsAsAvroNull) {
+  auto schema = std::make_shared<iceberg::Schema>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(1, "id", int32()),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(2, "mystery", unknown()),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(3, "profile",
+                                std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(4, "name", string()),
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(5, "secret", unknown()),
+                                })),
+  });
+
+  std::string test_data = R"([
+    [1, null, {"name": "Person0", "secret": null}],
+    [2, null, {"name": "Person1", "secret": null}]
+  ])";
+
+  WriteAvroFile(schema, test_data);
+
+  auto avro_schema = PhysicalAvroSchema();
+  auto root = avro_schema.root();
+  ASSERT_EQ(root->type(), ::avro::AVRO_RECORD);
+  // Unknown fields are written as AVRO_NULL, not pruned.
+  ASSERT_EQ(root->leaves(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(root->nameAt(0), "id");
+  EXPECT_EQ(FieldIdAt(root, 0), std::make_optional(1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(root->nameAt(1), "mystery");
+  EXPECT_EQ(root->leafAt(1)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(FieldIdAt(root, 1), std::make_optional(2));
+  EXPECT_EQ(root->nameAt(2), "profile");
+  EXPECT_EQ(FieldIdAt(root, 2), std::make_optional(3));
+
+  auto profile = UnwrapOptional(root->leafAt(2));
+  ASSERT_EQ(profile->type(), ::avro::AVRO_RECORD);
+  ASSERT_EQ(profile->leaves(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(profile->nameAt(0), "name");
+  EXPECT_EQ(FieldIdAt(profile, 0), std::make_optional(4));
+  EXPECT_EQ(profile->nameAt(1), "secret");
+  EXPECT_EQ(profile->leafAt(1)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(FieldIdAt(profile, 1), std::make_optional(5));
+
+  VerifyWrittenData(test_data);
+}
+
+TEST_P(AvroWriterTest, WritesUnknownListElementsAndMapValues) {
+  auto schema = std::make_shared<iceberg::Schema>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(1, "id", int32()),
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(2, "mysteries",
+                                std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+                                    3, ListType::kElementName, unknown()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(
+          4, "properties",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(
+              SchemaField::MakeRequired(5, MapType::kKeyName, string()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(6, MapType::kValueName, unknown()))),
+  });
+
+  std::string test_data = R"([
+    [1, [null, null], [["a", null], ["b", null]]],
+    [2, [], []],
+    [3, [null], [["c", null]]]
+  ])";
+
+  WriteAvroFile(schema, test_data);
+
+  auto avro_schema = PhysicalAvroSchema();
+  auto root = avro_schema.root();
+  ASSERT_EQ(root->type(), ::avro::AVRO_RECORD);
+  ASSERT_EQ(root->leaves(), 3);
+
+  auto mysteries = root->leafAt(1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(mysteries->type(), ::avro::AVRO_ARRAY);
+  ASSERT_EQ(mysteries->leaves(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(mysteries->leafAt(0)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+
+  auto properties = root->leafAt(2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(properties->type(), ::avro::AVRO_MAP);
+  ASSERT_EQ(properties->leaves(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(properties->leafAt(1)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+
+  VerifyWrittenData(test_data);
+}
+
+TEST_P(AvroWriterTest, WritesUnknownFieldsNestedInsideListOrMapStructs) {
+  auto schema = std::make_shared<iceberg::Schema>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(1, "id", int32()),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(2, "events",
+                                std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+                                    3, ListType::kElementName,
+                                    std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                                        SchemaField::MakeOptional(4, "name", string()),
+                                        SchemaField::MakeOptional(5, "secret", unknown()),
+                                    })))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          6, "properties",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(
+              SchemaField::MakeRequired(7, MapType::kKeyName, iceberg::string()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+                  8, MapType::kValueName,
+                  std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                      SchemaField::MakeOptional(9, "label", string()),
+                      SchemaField::MakeOptional(10, "secret", unknown()),
+                  })))),
+  });
+
+  std::string test_data = R"([
+    [1, [{"name": "open", "secret": null}, {"name": "close", "secret": null}], [["a", {"label": "A", "secret": null}]]],
+    [2, [], []]
+  ])";
+
+  WriteAvroFile(schema, test_data);
+
+  auto avro_schema = PhysicalAvroSchema();
+  auto root = avro_schema.root();
+  ASSERT_EQ(root->type(), ::avro::AVRO_RECORD);
+  ASSERT_EQ(root->leaves(), 3);
+
+  auto events = UnwrapOptional(root->leafAt(1));
+  ASSERT_EQ(events->type(), ::avro::AVRO_ARRAY);
+  auto event = UnwrapOptional(events->leafAt(0));
+  ASSERT_EQ(event->type(), ::avro::AVRO_RECORD);
+  ASSERT_EQ(event->leaves(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(event->nameAt(0), "name");
+  EXPECT_EQ(FieldIdAt(event, 0), std::make_optional(4));
+  EXPECT_EQ(event->nameAt(1), "secret");
+  EXPECT_EQ(event->leafAt(1)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(FieldIdAt(event, 1), std::make_optional(5));
+
+  auto properties = UnwrapOptional(root->leafAt(2));
+  ASSERT_EQ(properties->type(), ::avro::AVRO_MAP);
+  ASSERT_EQ(properties->leaves(), 2);
+  auto value = UnwrapOptional(properties->leafAt(1));
+  ASSERT_EQ(value->type(), ::avro::AVRO_RECORD);
+  ASSERT_EQ(value->leaves(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(value->nameAt(0), "label");
+  EXPECT_EQ(FieldIdAt(value, 0), std::make_optional(9));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value->nameAt(1), "secret");
+  EXPECT_EQ(value->leafAt(1)->type(), ::avro::AVRO_NULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(FieldIdAt(value, 1), std::make_optional(10));
+
+  VerifyWrittenData(test_data);
+}
+
 TEST_P(AvroWriterTest, WriteLargeDataset) {
   auto schema = std::make_shared<iceberg::Schema>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
       SchemaField::MakeRequired(1, "id", std::make_shared<LongType>()),
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/metadata_serde_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/metadata_serde_test.cc
index 0d3b5959b..2c2b2bd1e 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/metadata_serde_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/metadata_serde_test.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
 
+#include "iceberg/json_serde_internal.h"
 #include "iceberg/partition_field.h"
 #include "iceberg/partition_spec.h"
 #include "iceberg/schema.h"
@@ -404,6 +406,57 @@ TEST(MetadataSerdeTest, DeserializeUnsupportedVersion) {
                                "Cannot read unsupported version");
 }
 
+TEST(MetadataSerdeTest, DeserializeRejectsUnknownSchemaBeforeFormatV3) {
+  auto v1_metadata_json = nlohmann::json::parse(R"({
+    "format-version": 1,
+    "location": "s3://bucket/test/location",
+    "last-column-id": 1,
+    "last-updated-ms": 1602638573874,
+    "schema": {
+      "type": "struct",
+      "schema-id": 0,
+      "fields": [
+        {"id": 1, "name": "mystery", "type": "unknown", "required": false}
+      ]
+    },
+    "partition-spec": []
+  })");
+
+  auto result = TableMetadataFromJson(v1_metadata_json);
+  ASSERT_THAT(result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
+  EXPECT_THAT(result, HasErrorMessage(
+                          "Invalid type for mystery: unknown is not supported until v3"));
+
+  auto v2_metadata_json = nlohmann::json::parse(R"({
+    "format-version": 2,
+    "table-uuid": "9c12d441-03fe-4693-9a96-a0705ddf69c1",
+    "location": "s3://bucket/test/location",
+    "last-sequence-number": 0,
+    "last-column-id": 1,
+    "last-updated-ms": 1602638573874,
+    "schemas": [
+      {
+        "type": "struct",
+        "schema-id": 0,
+        "fields": [
+          {"id": 1, "name": "mystery", "type": "unknown", "required": false}
+        ]
+      }
+    ],
+    "current-schema-id": 0,
+    "partition-specs": [{"spec-id": 0, "fields": []}],
+    "default-spec-id": 0,
+    "last-partition-id": 999,
+    "sort-orders": [{"order-id": 0, "fields": []}],
+    "default-sort-order-id": 0
+  })");
+
+  result = TableMetadataFromJson(v2_metadata_json);
+  ASSERT_THAT(result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
+  EXPECT_THAT(result, HasErrorMessage(
+                          "Invalid type for mystery: unknown is not supported until v3"));
+}
+
 TEST(MetadataSerdeTest, DeserializeV1MissingSchemaType) {
   ReadTableMetadataExpectError("TableMetadataV1MissingSchemaType.json", "Missing 'type'");
 }
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/parquet_data_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/parquet_data_test.cc
index 9ed28114e..606ad8ca5 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/parquet_data_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/parquet_data_test.cc
@@ -316,6 +316,50 @@ TEST(ProjectRecordBatchTest, MapStringToInt) {
       VerifyProjectRecordBatch(iceberg_schema, iceberg_schema, input_json, input_json));
 }
 
+TEST(ProjectRecordBatchTest, NestedUnknownFields) {
+  Schema projected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(1, "profile",
+                                std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                                    SchemaField::MakeRequired(2, "name", string()),
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(3, "mystery", unknown()),
+                                })),
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(
+          4, "mysteries",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(5, "element", unknown()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(
+          6, "properties",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(SchemaField::MakeRequired(7, "key", string()),
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(8, "value", unknown()))),
+  });
+
+  Schema source_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(1, "profile",
+                                std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                                    SchemaField::MakeRequired(2, "name", string()),
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(3, "mystery", int32()),
+                                })),
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(
+          4, "mysteries",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(5, "element", int32()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(
+          6, "properties",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(SchemaField::MakeRequired(7, "key", string()),
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(8, "value", int32()))),
+  });
+
+  const std::string input_json = R"([
+    {"profile": {"name": "Person0", "mystery": 10}, "mysteries": [1, 2], "properties": [["a", 100], ["b", 200]]},
+    {"profile": {"name": "Person1", "mystery": null}, "mysteries": [], "properties": []}
+  ])";
+  const std::string expected_json = R"([
+    {"profile": {"name": "Person0", "mystery": null}, "mysteries": [null, null], "properties": [["a", null], ["b", null]]},
+    {"profile": {"name": "Person1", "mystery": null}, "mysteries": [], "properties": []}
+  ])";
+
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(VerifyProjectRecordBatch(projected_schema, source_schema,
+                                                   input_json, expected_json));
+}
+
 TEST(ProjectRecordBatchTest, MapStringToStruct) {
   Schema iceberg_schema({
       SchemaField::MakeRequired(
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/parquet_schema_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/parquet_schema_test.cc
index a9da3f9f7..75e99ff12 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/parquet_schema_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/parquet_schema_test.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,12 @@
  * under the License.
  */
 
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <vector>
+
 #include <arrow/type.h>
+#include <arrow/util/key_value_metadata.h>
 #include <parquet/arrow/reader.h>
 #include <parquet/arrow/schema.h>
 #include <parquet/schema.h>
@@ -123,6 +128,30 @@ ::parquet::arrow::SchemaManifest MakeSchemaManifest(
   return manifest;
 }
 
+::parquet::arrow::SchemaField MakeNullSchemaField(const std::string& name, int field_id) {
+  ::parquet::arrow::SchemaField schema_field;
+  schema_field.field =
+      ::arrow::field(name, ::arrow::null())
+          ->WithMetadata(::arrow::key_value_metadata({std::string(kParquetFieldIdKey)},
+                                                     {std::to_string(field_id)}));
+  return schema_field;
+}
+
+::parquet::arrow::SchemaField MakeListSchemaFieldWithNullElement(const std::string& name,
+                                                                 int field_id,
+                                                                 int element_field_id) {
+  ::parquet::arrow::SchemaField element_field =
+      MakeNullSchemaField("element", element_field_id);
+
+  ::parquet::arrow::SchemaField schema_field;
+  schema_field.field =
+      ::arrow::field(name, ::arrow::list(element_field.field))
+          ->WithMetadata(::arrow::key_value_metadata({std::string(kParquetFieldIdKey)},
+                                                     {std::to_string(field_id)}));
+  schema_field.children = {std::move(element_field)};
+  return schema_field;
+}
+
 #define ASSERT_PROJECTED_FIELD(field_projection, index)                \
   ASSERT_EQ(field_projection.kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kProjected); \
   ASSERT_EQ(std::get<1>(field_projection.from), index);
@@ -303,6 +332,213 @@ TEST(ParquetSchemaProjectionTest, ProjectSchemaEvolutionFloatToDouble) {
   ASSERT_PROJECTED_FIELD(projection.fields[0], 0);
 }
 
+TEST(ParquetSchemaProjectionTest, ValidateSchemaEvolutionAllowsNullPhysicalType) {
+  ::parquet::arrow::SchemaField parquet_field;
+  parquet_field.field = ::arrow::field("value", ::arrow::null());
+
+  auto status = ValidateParquetSchemaEvolution(*iceberg::int32(), parquet_field);
+  ASSERT_THAT(status, IsOk());
+}
+
+TEST(ParquetSchemaProjectionTest, ProjectNullPhysicalFieldsAsNull) {
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/1, "age", iceberg::int32()),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/2, "profile",
+          std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+              SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/201, "name", iceberg::string()),
+          })),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/3, "numbers",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeRequired(
+              /*field_id=*/301, "element", iceberg::int32()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/4, "counts",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(
+              SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/401, "key", iceberg::string()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/402, "value", iceberg::int32()))),
+  });
+
+  ::parquet::arrow::SchemaManifest schema_manifest;
+  schema_manifest.schema_fields = {
+      MakeNullSchemaField("age", /*field_id=*/1),
+      MakeNullSchemaField("profile", /*field_id=*/2),
+      MakeNullSchemaField("numbers", /*field_id=*/3),
+      MakeNullSchemaField("counts", /*field_id=*/4),
+  };
+
+  auto projection_result = Project(expected_schema, schema_manifest);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsOk());
+
+  const auto& projection = *projection_result;
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields.size(), 4);
+  for (const auto& field_projection : projection.fields) {
+    ASSERT_PROJECTED_NULL_FIELD(field_projection);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(field_projection.children.empty());
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(SelectedColumnIndices(projection).empty());
+}
+
+TEST(ParquetSchemaProjectionTest, RejectNullPhysicalFieldForRequiredField) {
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/1, "age", iceberg::int32()),
+  });
+
+  ::parquet::arrow::SchemaManifest schema_manifest;
+  schema_manifest.schema_fields = {
+      MakeNullSchemaField("age", /*field_id=*/1),
+  };
+
+  auto projection_result = Project(expected_schema, schema_manifest);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result,
+              HasErrorMessage("Cannot project required field with id 1 as null"));
+}
+
+TEST(ParquetSchemaProjectionTest, RejectNullPhysicalListElementForRequiredElement) {
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/1, "numbers",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeRequired(
+              /*field_id=*/101, "element", iceberg::int32()))),
+  });
+
+  ::parquet::arrow::SchemaManifest schema_manifest;
+  schema_manifest.schema_fields = {
+      MakeListSchemaFieldWithNullElement("numbers", /*field_id=*/1,
+                                         /*element_field_id=*/101),
+  };
+
+  auto projection_result = Project(expected_schema, schema_manifest);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result,
+              HasErrorMessage("Cannot project required field with id 101 as null"));
+}
+
+TEST(ParquetSchemaProjectionTest, ProjectUnknownExpectedFieldAsNull) {
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/1, "mystery", iceberg::unknown()),
+  });
+
+  auto parquet_schema =
+      MakeGroupNode("iceberg_schema", {MakeInt32Node("mystery", /*field_id=*/1)});
+
+  auto schema_manifest = MakeSchemaManifest(parquet_schema);
+  auto projection_result = Project(expected_schema, schema_manifest);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsOk());
+
+  const auto& projection = *projection_result;
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields.size(), 1);
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_NULL_FIELD(projection.fields[0]);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(SelectedColumnIndices(projection).empty());
+}
+
+TEST(ParquetSchemaProjectionTest, ProjectNullPhysicalFieldToNestedAsNull) {
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/1, "profile",
+          std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "name", iceberg::string()),
+          })),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/3, "items",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+              /*field_id=*/4, "element", iceberg::string()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/5, "properties",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(
+              SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/6, "key", iceberg::string()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/7, "value", iceberg::string()))),
+  });
+
+  ::parquet::arrow::SchemaManifest schema_manifest;
+  schema_manifest.schema_fields = {
+      MakeNullSchemaField("profile", /*field_id=*/1),
+      MakeNullSchemaField("items", /*field_id=*/3),
+      MakeNullSchemaField("properties", /*field_id=*/5),
+  };
+
+  auto projection_result = Project(expected_schema, schema_manifest);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsOk());
+
+  const auto& projection = *projection_result;
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields.size(), 3);
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_NULL_FIELD(projection.fields[0]);
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_NULL_FIELD(projection.fields[1]);
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_NULL_FIELD(projection.fields[2]);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(SelectedColumnIndices(projection).empty());
+}
+
+TEST(ParquetSchemaProjectionTest, ProjectNestedUnknownExpectedFieldsAsNull) {
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/1, "profile",
+          std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "name", iceberg::string()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/3, "mystery", iceberg::unknown()),
+          })),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/4, "mysteries",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+              /*field_id=*/5, "element", iceberg::unknown()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/6, "properties",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(
+              SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/7, "key", iceberg::string()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/8, "value", iceberg::unknown()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/9, "wrapper",
+          std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/10, "mystery", iceberg::unknown()),
+          })),
+  });
+
+  auto parquet_schema = MakeGroupNode(
+      "iceberg_schema",
+      {
+          MakeGroupNode("profile",
+                        {MakeStringNode("name", /*field_id=*/2),
+                         MakeInt32Node("mystery", /*field_id=*/3)},
+                        /*field_id=*/1),
+          MakeListNode("mysteries", MakeInt32Node("element", /*field_id=*/5),
+                       /*field_id=*/4),
+          MakeMapNode("properties",
+                      MakeStringNode("key", /*field_id=*/7, /*optional=*/false),
+                      MakeInt32Node("value", /*field_id=*/8),
+                      /*field_id=*/6),
+          MakeGroupNode("wrapper", {MakeInt32Node("mystery", /*field_id=*/10)},
+                        /*field_id=*/9),
+      });
+
+  auto schema_manifest = MakeSchemaManifest(parquet_schema);
+  auto projection_result = Project(expected_schema, schema_manifest);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsOk());
+
+  const auto& projection = *projection_result;
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields.size(), 4);
+
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_FIELD(projection.fields[0], 0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[0].children.size(), 2);
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_FIELD(projection.fields[0].children[0], 0);
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_NULL_FIELD(projection.fields[0].children[1]);
+
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_FIELD(projection.fields[1], 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[1].children.size(), 1);
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_NULL_FIELD(projection.fields[1].children[0]);
+
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_FIELD(projection.fields[2], 2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[2].children.size(), 2);
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_FIELD(projection.fields[2].children[0], 0);
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_NULL_FIELD(projection.fields[2].children[1]);
+
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_FIELD(projection.fields[3], 3);
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[3].children.size(), 1);
+  ASSERT_PROJECTED_NULL_FIELD(projection.fields[3].children[0]);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(SelectedColumnIndices(projection), std::vector<int32_t>({0, 2, 3, 4, 5}));
+}
+
 TEST(ParquetSchemaProjectionTest, ProjectSchemaEvolutionIncompatibleTypes) {
   Schema expected_schema({
       SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/1, "value", iceberg::int32()),
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/parquet_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/parquet_test.cc
index 70fb9880f..ee1cbc931 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/parquet_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/parquet_test.cc
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include <arrow/util/key_value_metadata.h>
 #include <parquet/arrow/reader.h>
 #include <parquet/arrow/writer.h>
+#include <parquet/file_reader.h>
 #include <parquet/metadata.h>
 
 #include "iceberg/arrow/arrow_io_internal.h"
@@ -461,6 +462,78 @@ TEST_F(ParquetReaderTest, ReadMetadataOnlyProjection) {
   ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(VerifyNextBatch(*reader, kExpectedJson));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ParquetReaderTest, ReadNestedUnknownProjection) {
+  temp_parquet_file_ = "nested_unknown.parquet";
+  auto write_schema = std::make_shared<Schema>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(1, "profile",
+                                std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(2, "name", string()),
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(3, "mystery", int32()),
+                                })),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          4, "mysteries",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(5, "element", int32()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          6, "properties",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(SchemaField::MakeRequired(7, "key", string()),
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(8, "value", int32()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(9, "wrapper",
+                                std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(10, "mystery", int32()),
+                                })),
+  });
+  auto read_schema = std::make_shared<Schema>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(1, "profile",
+                                std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(2, "name", string()),
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(3, "mystery", unknown()),
+                                })),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          4, "mysteries",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(5, "element", unknown()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          6, "properties",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(SchemaField::MakeRequired(7, "key", string()),
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(8, "value", unknown()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(9, "wrapper",
+                                std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(10, "mystery", unknown()),
+                                })),
+  });
+
+  ArrowSchema arrow_c_schema;
+  ASSERT_THAT(ToArrowSchema(*write_schema, &arrow_c_schema), IsOk());
+  auto arrow_type = ::arrow::ImportType(&arrow_c_schema).ValueOrDie();
+  auto array = ::arrow::json::ArrayFromJSONString(arrow_type,
+                                                  R"([
+                     {"profile": {"name": "Person0", "mystery": 10}, "mysteries": [1, 2], "properties": [["a", 100], ["b", 200]], "wrapper": {"mystery": 300}},
+                     {"profile": {"name": "Person1", "mystery": null}, "mysteries": [], "properties": [], "wrapper": {"mystery": null}}
+                   ])")
+                   .ValueOrDie();
+
+  WriterProperties writer_properties;
+  writer_properties.Set(WriterProperties::kParquetCompression,
+                        std::string("uncompressed"));
+  ASSERT_THAT(WriteArray(array, {.path = temp_parquet_file_,
+                                 .schema = write_schema,
+                                 .io = file_io_,
+                                 .properties = std::move(writer_properties)}),
+              IsOk());
+
+  ICEBERG_UNWRAP_OR_FAIL(
+      auto reader,
+      ReaderFactoryRegistry::Open(
+          FileFormatType::kParquet,
+          {.path = temp_parquet_file_, .io = file_io_, .projection = read_schema}));
+
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(VerifyNextBatch(*reader,
+                                          R"([
+        {"profile": {"name": "Person0", "mystery": null}, "mysteries": [null, null], "properties": [["a", null], ["b", null]], "wrapper": {"mystery": null}},
+        {"profile": {"name": "Person1", "mystery": null}, "mysteries": [], "properties": [], "wrapper": {"mystery": null}}
+      ])"));
+  ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(VerifyExhausted(*reader));
+}
+
 class ParquetReadWrite : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
   static void SetUpTestSuite() { parquet::RegisterAll(); }
@@ -509,6 +582,142 @@ TEST_F(ParquetReadWrite, RejectsUnavailableCompressionCodec) {
                               " is not available in the current build"));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ParquetReadWrite, WritesUnknownFieldsNestedInsideListOrMapStructs) {
+  auto schema = std::make_shared<Schema>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(1, "id", int32()),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(2, "events",
+                                std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+                                    3, ListType::kElementName,
+                                    std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                                        SchemaField::MakeOptional(4, "name", string()),
+                                        SchemaField::MakeOptional(5, "secret", unknown()),
+                                    })))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          6, "properties",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(
+              SchemaField::MakeRequired(7, MapType::kKeyName, iceberg::string()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+                  8, MapType::kValueName,
+                  std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                      SchemaField::MakeOptional(9, "label", string()),
+                      SchemaField::MakeOptional(10, "secret", unknown()),
+                  })))),
+  });
+
+  ArrowSchema arrow_c_schema;
+  ASSERT_THAT(ToArrowSchema(*schema, &arrow_c_schema), IsOk());
+  auto arrow_schema = ::arrow::ImportType(&arrow_c_schema).ValueOrDie();
+
+  auto array =
+      ::arrow::json::ArrayFromJSONString(::arrow::struct_(arrow_schema->fields()),
+                                         R"([
+                      {"id": 1, "events": [{"name": "open", "secret": null}, {"name": "close", "secret": null}], "properties": [["a", {"label": "A", "secret": null}]]},
+                      {"id": 2, "events": [], "properties": []}
+                    ])")
+          .ValueOrDie();
+
+  std::shared_ptr<FileIO> file_io = arrow::ArrowFileSystemFileIO::MakeMockFileIO();
+  const std::string basePath = "nested_unknown_fields.parquet";
+  WriterProperties writer_properties;
+  writer_properties.Set(WriterProperties::kParquetCompression,
+                        std::string("uncompressed"));
+  ASSERT_THAT(WriteArray(array, {.path = basePath,
+                                 .schema = schema,
+                                 .io = file_io,
+                                 .properties = std::move(writer_properties)}),
+              IsOk());
+
+  auto& arrow_file_io = internal::checked_cast<arrow::ArrowFileSystemFileIO&>(*file_io);
+  auto input_file = arrow_file_io.fs()->OpenInputFile(basePath).ValueOrDie();
+  auto parquet_reader = ::parquet::ParquetFileReader::Open(input_file);
+  auto parquet_schema = parquet_reader->metadata()->schema();
+
+  std::vector<int32_t> field_ids;
+  for (int i = 0; i < parquet_schema->num_columns(); ++i) {
+    field_ids.push_back(parquet_schema->Column(i)->schema_node()->field_id());
+  }
+  // Unknown fields (secret, IDs 5 and 10) are also written as null-type columns.
+  EXPECT_THAT(field_ids, ::testing::UnorderedElementsAre(1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10));
+
+  std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array> out;
+  ASSERT_THAT(ReadArray(out, {.path = basePath, .io = file_io, .projection = schema},
+                        /*metadata=*/nullptr),
+              IsOk());
+  auto expected =
+      ::arrow::json::ArrayFromJSONString(::arrow::struct_(arrow_schema->fields()),
+                                         R"([
+                      {"id": 1, "events": [{"name": "open", "secret": null}, {"name": "close", "secret": null}], "properties": [["a", {"label": "A", "secret": null}]]},
+                      {"id": 2, "events": [], "properties": []}
+                    ])")
+          .ValueOrDie();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(out->Equals(*expected)) << "actual:\n"
+                                      << out->ToString() << "expected:\n"
+                                      << expected->ToString();
+}
+
+TEST_F(ParquetReadWrite, DoesNotMaterializeUnknownFieldsOnWrite) {
+  auto schema = std::make_shared<Schema>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(1, "id", int32()),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(2, "mystery", unknown()),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(3, "profile",
+                                std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(4, "name", string()),
+                                    SchemaField::MakeOptional(5, "secret", unknown()),
+                                })),
+  });
+
+  ArrowSchema arrow_c_schema;
+  ASSERT_THAT(ToArrowSchema(*schema, &arrow_c_schema), IsOk());
+  auto arrow_schema = ::arrow::ImportType(&arrow_c_schema).ValueOrDie();
+
+  auto array =
+      ::arrow::json::ArrayFromJSONString(::arrow::struct_(arrow_schema->fields()),
+                                         R"([
+                      [1, null, {"name": "Person0", "secret": null}],
+                      [2, null, {"name": "Person1", "secret": null}]
+                    ])")
+          .ValueOrDie();
+
+  std::shared_ptr<FileIO> file_io = arrow::ArrowFileSystemFileIO::MakeMockFileIO();
+  const std::string basePath = "unknown_fields.parquet";
+
+  WriterProperties writer_properties;
+  writer_properties.Set(WriterProperties::kParquetCompression,
+                        std::string("uncompressed"));
+  ASSERT_THAT(WriteArray(array, {.path = basePath,
+                                 .schema = schema,
+                                 .io = file_io,
+                                 .properties = std::move(writer_properties)}),
+              IsOk());
+
+  auto& arrow_file_io = internal::checked_cast<arrow::ArrowFileSystemFileIO&>(*file_io);
+  auto input_file = arrow_file_io.fs()->OpenInputFile(basePath).ValueOrDie();
+  auto parquet_reader = ::parquet::ParquetFileReader::Open(input_file);
+  auto parquet_schema = parquet_reader->metadata()->schema();
+
+  // Unknown fields (mystery, secret) are also written as null-type columns.
+  ASSERT_EQ(parquet_schema->num_columns(), 4);
+  EXPECT_EQ(parquet_schema->Column(0)->schema_node()->field_id(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(parquet_schema->Column(1)->schema_node()->field_id(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(parquet_schema->Column(2)->schema_node()->field_id(), 4);
+  EXPECT_EQ(parquet_schema->Column(3)->schema_node()->field_id(), 5);
+
+  std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array> out;
+  ASSERT_THAT(ReadArray(out, {.path = basePath, .io = file_io, .projection = schema},
+                        /*metadata=*/nullptr),
+              IsOk());
+  auto expected =
+      ::arrow::json::ArrayFromJSONString(::arrow::struct_(arrow_schema->fields()),
+                                         R"([
+                      [1, null, {"name": "Person0", "secret": null}],
+                      [2, null, {"name": "Person1", "secret": null}]
+                    ])")
+          .ValueOrDie();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(out->Equals(*expected)) << "actual:\n"
+                                      << out->ToString() << "expected:\n"
+                                      << expected->ToString();
+}
+
 TEST_F(ParquetReadWrite, SimpleStructRoundTrip) {
   auto schema = std::make_shared<Schema>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
       SchemaField::MakeOptional(1, "a",
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/schema_json_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/schema_json_test.cc
index c9532eeb6..08275a45c 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/schema_json_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/schema_json_test.cc
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
         SchemaJsonParam{.json = "\"string\"", .type = iceberg::string()},
         SchemaJsonParam{.json = "\"binary\"", .type = iceberg::binary()},
         SchemaJsonParam{.json = "\"uuid\"", .type = iceberg::uuid()},
+        SchemaJsonParam{.json = "\"unknown\"", .type = iceberg::unknown()},
         SchemaJsonParam{.json = "\"fixed[8]\"", .type = iceberg::fixed(8)},
         SchemaJsonParam{.json = "\"decimal(10,2)\"", .type = iceberg::decimal(10, 2)},
         SchemaJsonParam{.json = "\"date\"", .type = iceberg::date()},
@@ -136,6 +137,88 @@ TEST(SchemaJsonTest, RoundTrip) {
   ASSERT_EQ(dumped_json, json);
 }
 
+TEST(SchemaJsonTest, UnknownFieldRoundTrip) {
+  constexpr std::string_view json =
+      R"({"fields":[{"id":1,"name":"mystery","required":false,"type":"unknown"}],"schema-id":1,"type":"struct"})";
+
+  ICEBERG_UNWRAP_OR_FAIL(auto schema, SchemaFromJson(nlohmann::json::parse(json)));
+  ASSERT_EQ(schema->fields().size(), 1);
+
+  const auto& field = schema->fields()[0];
+  ASSERT_EQ(field.field_id(), 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(field.name(), "mystery");
+  ASSERT_EQ(field.type()->type_id(), TypeId::kUnknown);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(field.optional());
+  ASSERT_EQ(ToJson(*schema).dump(), json);
+}
+
+TEST(SchemaJsonTest, NestedUnknownFieldsRoundTrip) {
+  constexpr std::string_view json =
+      R"({
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "id": 1,
+            "name": "profile",
+            "required": false,
+            "type": {
+              "fields": [
+                {"id": 2, "name": "mystery", "required": false, "type": "unknown"}
+              ],
+              "type": "struct"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "id": 3,
+            "name": "mysteries",
+            "required": false,
+            "type": {
+              "element": "unknown",
+              "element-id": 4,
+              "element-required": false,
+              "type": "list"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "id": 5,
+            "name": "properties",
+            "required": false,
+            "type": {
+              "key": "string",
+              "key-id": 6,
+              "type": "map",
+              "value": "unknown",
+              "value-id": 7,
+              "value-required": false
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "schema-id": 1,
+        "type": "struct"
+      })";
+  const auto parsed_json = nlohmann::json::parse(json);
+
+  ICEBERG_UNWRAP_OR_FAIL(auto schema, SchemaFromJson(parsed_json));
+  ASSERT_EQ(schema->fields().size(), 3);
+
+  const auto* profile = dynamic_cast<const StructType*>(schema->fields()[0].type().get());
+  ASSERT_NE(profile, nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(profile->fields().size(), 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(profile->fields()[0].type()->type_id(), TypeId::kUnknown);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(profile->fields()[0].optional());
+
+  const auto* mysteries = dynamic_cast<const ListType*>(schema->fields()[1].type().get());
+  ASSERT_NE(mysteries, nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(mysteries->fields()[0].type()->type_id(), TypeId::kUnknown);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(mysteries->fields()[0].optional());
+
+  const auto* properties = dynamic_cast<const MapType*>(schema->fields()[2].type().get());
+  ASSERT_NE(properties, nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(properties->value().type()->type_id(), TypeId::kUnknown);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(properties->value().optional());
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(ToJson(*schema), parsed_json);
+}
+
 TEST(SchemaJsonTest, IdentifierFieldIds) {
   // Test schema with identifier-field-ids
   constexpr std::string_view json_with_identifier_str =
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/schema_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/schema_test.cc
index 838b57600..8f1b20035 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/schema_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/schema_test.cc
@@ -102,6 +102,8 @@ TEST(SchemaTest, ValidateRejectsV3TypesBeforeFormatV3) {
       {iceberg::SchemaField(1, "timestamp_ns", iceberg::timestamp_ns(), false)});
   iceberg::Schema timestamptz_ns_schema(
       {iceberg::SchemaField(1, "timestamptz_ns", iceberg::timestamptz_ns(), false)});
+  iceberg::Schema unknown_schema(
+      {iceberg::SchemaField(1, "unknown", iceberg::unknown(), true)});
 
   auto status = timestamp_ns_schema.Validate(2);
   ASSERT_THAT(status, iceberg::IsError(iceberg::ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
@@ -115,12 +117,42 @@ TEST(SchemaTest, ValidateRejectsV3TypesBeforeFormatV3) {
                           "Invalid type for timestamptz_ns: timestamptz_ns is not "
                           "supported until v3"));
 
+  status = unknown_schema.Validate(2);
+  ASSERT_THAT(status, iceberg::IsError(iceberg::ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
+  EXPECT_THAT(status, iceberg::HasErrorMessage(
+                          "Invalid type for unknown: unknown is not supported until v3"));
+
   EXPECT_THAT(
       timestamp_ns_schema.Validate(iceberg::TableMetadata::kSupportedTableFormatVersion),
       iceberg::IsOk());
   EXPECT_THAT(timestamptz_ns_schema.Validate(
                   iceberg::TableMetadata::kSupportedTableFormatVersion),
               iceberg::IsOk());
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      unknown_schema.Validate(iceberg::TableMetadata::kSupportedTableFormatVersion),
+      iceberg::IsOk());
+}
+
+TEST(SchemaTest, ValidateRejectsInvalidUnknownFields) {
+  iceberg::Schema required_unknown_schema(
+      {iceberg::SchemaField(1, "mystery", iceberg::unknown(), false)});
+  auto status = required_unknown_schema.Validate(
+      iceberg::TableMetadata::kSupportedTableFormatVersion);
+  ASSERT_THAT(status, iceberg::IsError(iceberg::ErrorKind::kInvalidArgument));
+  EXPECT_THAT(status,
+              iceberg::HasErrorMessage("Unknown type field 'mystery' must be optional"));
+
+  iceberg::Schema map_key_unknown_schema({iceberg::SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+      1, "properties",
+      std::make_shared<iceberg::MapType>(
+          iceberg::SchemaField::MakeRequired(2, iceberg::MapType::kKeyName,
+                                             iceberg::unknown()),
+          iceberg::SchemaField::MakeOptional(3, iceberg::MapType::kValueName,
+                                             iceberg::string())))});
+  status = map_key_unknown_schema.Validate(
+      iceberg::TableMetadata::kSupportedTableFormatVersion);
+  ASSERT_THAT(status, iceberg::IsError(iceberg::ErrorKind::kInvalidArgument));
+  EXPECT_THAT(status, iceberg::HasErrorMessage("Map 'key' cannot be unknown type"));
 }
 
 TEST(SchemaTest, IdentifierFields) {
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/schema_util_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/schema_util_test.cc
index fe6579ab3..ee075006f 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/schema_util_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/schema_util_test.cc
@@ -226,6 +226,132 @@ TEST(SchemaUtilTest, ProjectSchemaEvolutionFloatToDouble) {
   AssertProjectedField(projection.fields[0], 0);
 }
 
+TEST(SchemaUtilTest, ProjectSchemaEvolutionUnknownToPrimitive) {
+  Schema source_schema(
+      {SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "value", iceberg::unknown())});
+  Schema expected_schema(
+      {SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "value", iceberg::string())});
+
+  auto projection_result =
+      Project(expected_schema, source_schema, /*prune_source=*/false);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsOk());
+
+  const auto& projection = *projection_result;
+  ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields.size(), 1);
+  AssertProjectedField(projection.fields[0], 0);
+}
+
+TEST(SchemaUtilTest, RejectSchemaEvolutionUnknownToRequiredPrimitive) {
+  Schema source_schema(
+      {SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "value", iceberg::unknown())});
+  Schema expected_schema(
+      {SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/2, "value", iceberg::string())});
+
+  auto projection_result =
+      Project(expected_schema, source_schema, /*prune_source=*/false);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result,
+              HasErrorMessage("Cannot project required field with id 2 as null"));
+}
+
+TEST(SchemaUtilTest, ProjectSchemaEvolutionNestedFieldsToUnknown) {
+  Schema source_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/2, "profile",
+          std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/201, "mystery", iceberg::int32()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/202, "name", iceberg::string()),
+          })),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/3, "items",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+              /*field_id=*/301, "element", iceberg::int32()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/4, "attributes",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(
+              SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/401, "key", iceberg::string()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/402, "value", iceberg::int32()))),
+  });
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/2, "profile",
+          std::make_shared<StructType>(std::vector<SchemaField>{
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/201, "mystery", iceberg::unknown()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/202, "name", iceberg::string()),
+          })),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/3, "items",
+          std::make_shared<ListType>(SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+              /*field_id=*/301, "element", iceberg::unknown()))),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(
+          /*field_id=*/4, "attributes",
+          std::make_shared<MapType>(
+              SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/401, "key", iceberg::string()),
+              SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/402, "value", iceberg::unknown()))),
+  });
+
+  for (bool prune_source : {false, true}) {
+    auto projection_result = Project(expected_schema, source_schema, prune_source);
+    ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsOk());
+
+    const auto& projection = *projection_result;
+    ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields.size(), 3);
+    AssertProjectedField(projection.fields[0], 0);
+    AssertProjectedField(projection.fields[1], 1);
+    AssertProjectedField(projection.fields[2], 2);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[0].children.size(), 2);
+    ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[0].children[0].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kNull);
+    AssertProjectedField(projection.fields[0].children[1], prune_source ? 0 : 1);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[1].children.size(), 1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[1].children[0].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kNull);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[2].children.size(), 2);
+    AssertProjectedField(projection.fields[2].children[0], 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[2].children[1].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kNull);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(SchemaUtilTest, ProjectSchemaEvolutionUnknownToNestedAsNull) {
+  Schema source_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "profile", iceberg::unknown()),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/3, "items", iceberg::unknown()),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/4, "attributes", iceberg::unknown()),
+  });
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "profile", CreateNestedStruct()),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/3, "items", CreateListOfStruct()),
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/4, "attributes", CreateMapWithStructValue()),
+  });
+
+  for (bool prune_source : {false, true}) {
+    auto projection_result = Project(expected_schema, source_schema, prune_source);
+    ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsOk());
+
+    const auto& projection = *projection_result;
+    ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields.size(), 3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[0].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kNull);
+    ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[1].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kNull);
+    ASSERT_EQ(projection.fields[2].kind, FieldProjection::Kind::kNull);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(SchemaUtilTest, RejectSchemaEvolutionUnknownToRequiredNested) {
+  Schema source_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "profile", iceberg::unknown()),
+  });
+  Schema expected_schema({
+      SchemaField::MakeRequired(/*field_id=*/2, "profile", CreateNestedStruct()),
+  });
+
+  auto projection_result =
+      Project(expected_schema, source_schema, /*prune_source=*/false);
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidSchema));
+  ASSERT_THAT(projection_result,
+              HasErrorMessage("Cannot project required field with id 2 as null"));
+}
+
 TEST(SchemaUtilTest, ProjectSchemaEvolutionDecimalCompatible) {
   Schema source_schema(
       {SchemaField::MakeOptional(/*field_id=*/2, "value", iceberg::decimal(9, 2))});
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/type_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/type_test.cc
index e68843be4..d405cccc1 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/type_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/type_test.cc
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ TEST_P(TypeTest, StdFormat) {
   ASSERT_EQ(test_case.repr, std::format("{}", *test_case.type));
 }
 
-const static std::array<TypeTestCase, 18> kPrimitiveTypes = {{
+const static std::array<TypeTestCase, 19> kPrimitiveTypes = {{
     {
         .name = "boolean",
         .type = iceberg::boolean(),
@@ -217,6 +217,13 @@ const static std::array<TypeTestCase, 18> kPrimitiveTypes = {{
         .primitive = true,
         .repr = "uuid",
     },
+    {
+        .name = "unknown",
+        .type = iceberg::unknown(),
+        .type_id = iceberg::TypeId::kUnknown,
+        .primitive = true,
+        .repr = "unknown",
+    },
 }};
 
 const static std::array<TypeTestCase, 4> kNestedTypes = {{
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/update_schema_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/update_schema_test.cc
index 8550c8b56..07872e69a 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/update_schema_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/update_schema_test.cc
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "iceberg/update/update_schema.h"
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
@@ -1054,6 +1055,40 @@ TEST_F(UpdateSchemaTest, UpdateColumnFloatToDouble) {
   EXPECT_EQ(*field_opt->get().type(), *float64());
 }
 
+TEST_F(UpdateSchemaTest, UpdateColumnUnknownToPrimitive) {
+  ICEBERG_UNWRAP_OR_FAIL(auto update, table_->NewUpdateSchema());
+  update->AddColumn("mystery", unknown(), "A null-only placeholder");
+  update->UpdateColumn("mystery", string());
+
+  ICEBERG_UNWRAP_OR_FAIL(auto result, update->Apply());
+
+  ICEBERG_UNWRAP_OR_FAIL(auto field_opt, result.schema->FindFieldByName("mystery"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(field_opt.has_value());
+  EXPECT_EQ(*field_opt->get().type(), *string());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(field_opt->get().optional());
+  EXPECT_EQ(field_opt->get().doc(), "A null-only placeholder");
+}
+
+TEST_F(UpdateSchemaTest, AddRequiredUnknownColumnFails) {
+  ICEBERG_UNWRAP_OR_FAIL(auto update, table_->NewUpdateSchema());
+  update->AllowIncompatibleChanges().AddRequiredColumn("mystery", unknown());
+
+  auto result = update->Apply();
+  EXPECT_THAT(result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidArgument));
+  EXPECT_THAT(result, HasErrorMessage("Unknown type field 'mystery' must be optional"));
+}
+
+TEST_F(UpdateSchemaTest, AddColumnWithRequiredNestedUnknownFails) {
+  ICEBERG_UNWRAP_OR_FAIL(auto update, table_->NewUpdateSchema());
+  update->AddColumn("profile", struct_({
+                                   SchemaField::MakeRequired(3, "mystery", unknown()),
+                               }));
+
+  auto result = update->Apply();
+  EXPECT_THAT(result, IsError(ErrorKind::kInvalidArgument));
+  EXPECT_THAT(result, HasErrorMessage("Unknown type field 'mystery' must be optional"));
+}
+
 TEST_F(UpdateSchemaTest, UpdateColumnSameType) {
   ICEBERG_UNWRAP_OR_FAIL(auto update, table_->NewUpdateSchema());
   update->AddColumn("id", int32());
diff --git a/src/iceberg/test/visit_type_test.cc b/src/iceberg/test/visit_type_test.cc
index 7104581f5..f038f906f 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/test/visit_type_test.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/test/visit_type_test.cc
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ std::string TypeTestCaseToString(const ::testing::TestParamInfo<TypeTestCase>& i
   return info.param.name;
 }
 
-const static std::array<TypeTestCase, 18> kPrimitiveTypes = {{
+const static std::array<TypeTestCase, 19> kPrimitiveTypes = {{
     {
         .name = "boolean",
         .type = iceberg::boolean(),
@@ -180,6 +180,13 @@ const static std::array<TypeTestCase, 18> kPrimitiveTypes = {{
         .primitive = true,
         .repr = "uuid",
     },
+    {
+        .name = "unknown",
+        .type = iceberg::unknown(),
+        .type_id = iceberg::TypeId::kUnknown,
+        .primitive = true,
+        .repr = "unknown",
+    },
 }};
 
 const static std::array<TypeTestCase, 4> kNestedTypes = {{
diff --git a/src/iceberg/type.cc b/src/iceberg/type.cc
index b5bee37e2..057dcf513 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/type.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/type.cc
@@ -350,6 +350,10 @@ TypeId UuidType::type_id() const { return kTypeId; }
 std::string UuidType::ToString() const { return "uuid"; }
 bool UuidType::Equals(const Type& other) const { return other.type_id() == kTypeId; }
 
+TypeId UnknownType::type_id() const { return kTypeId; }
+std::string UnknownType::ToString() const { return "unknown"; }
+bool UnknownType::Equals(const Type& other) const { return other.type_id() == kTypeId; }
+
 FixedType::FixedType(int32_t length) : length_(length) {
   ICEBERG_CHECK_OR_DIE(length >= 0, "FixedType: length must be >= 0, was {}", length);
 }
@@ -392,6 +396,7 @@ TYPE_FACTORY(timestamptz_ns, TimestampTzNsType)
 TYPE_FACTORY(binary, BinaryType)
 TYPE_FACTORY(string, StringType)
 TYPE_FACTORY(uuid, UuidType)
+TYPE_FACTORY(unknown, UnknownType)
 
 #undef TYPE_FACTORY
 
@@ -455,6 +460,8 @@ std::string_view ToString(TypeId id) {
       return "fixed";
     case TypeId::kBinary:
       return "binary";
+    case TypeId::kUnknown:
+      return "unknown";
   }
 
   std::unreachable();
diff --git a/src/iceberg/type.h b/src/iceberg/type.h
index 53237cdb5..c0966759e 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/type.h
+++ b/src/iceberg/type.h
@@ -503,6 +503,21 @@ class ICEBERG_EXPORT UuidType : public PrimitiveType {
   bool Equals(const Type& other) const override;
 };
 
+/// \brief A null-only placeholder type used when a more specific type is not known.
+class ICEBERG_EXPORT UnknownType : public PrimitiveType {
+ public:
+  constexpr static const TypeId kTypeId = TypeId::kUnknown;
+
+  UnknownType() = default;
+  ~UnknownType() override = default;
+
+  TypeId type_id() const override;
+  std::string ToString() const override;
+
+ protected:
+  bool Equals(const Type& other) const override;
+};
+
 /// @}
 
 /// \defgroup type-factories Factory functions for creating primitive data types
@@ -538,6 +553,8 @@ ICEBERG_EXPORT const std::shared_ptr<BinaryType>& binary();
 ICEBERG_EXPORT const std::shared_ptr<StringType>& string();
 /// \brief Return a UuidType instance.
 ICEBERG_EXPORT const std::shared_ptr<UuidType>& uuid();
+/// \brief Return an UnknownType instance.
+ICEBERG_EXPORT const std::shared_ptr<UnknownType>& unknown();
 
 /// \brief Create a DecimalType with the given precision and scale.
 /// \param precision The number of decimal digits (max 38).
diff --git a/src/iceberg/type_fwd.h b/src/iceberg/type_fwd.h
index 064ec285a..745c63acb 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/type_fwd.h
+++ b/src/iceberg/type_fwd.h
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace iceberg {
 /// This is not a complete data type by itself because some types are nested
 /// and/or parameterized.
 ///
-/// Iceberg V3 types are not currently supported.
+/// Iceberg V3's `unknown` type is supported as a null-only placeholder type.
 enum class TypeId {
   kStruct,
   kList,
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ enum class TypeId {
   kUuid,
   kFixed,
   kBinary,
+  kUnknown,
 };
 
 /// \brief The time unit.  In Iceberg V3 nanoseconds are also supported.
@@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ class TimestampTzType;
 class TimestampNsType;
 class TimestampTzNsType;
 class Type;
+class UnknownType;
 class UuidType;
 
 /// \brief Data values.
diff --git a/src/iceberg/update/update_schema.cc b/src/iceberg/update/update_schema.cc
index 1f35781fa..0e7f147b0 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/update/update_schema.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/update/update_schema.cc
@@ -593,6 +593,7 @@ Result<UpdateSchema::ApplyResult> UpdateSchema::Apply() {
   ICEBERG_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
       auto new_schema,
       Schema::Make(std::move(new_fields), schema_->schema_id(), fresh_identifier_ids));
+  ICEBERG_RETURN_UNEXPECTED(new_schema->Validate(base().format_version));
 
   std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> updated_props;
   const auto& base_metadata = base();
diff --git a/src/iceberg/util/struct_like_set.cc b/src/iceberg/util/struct_like_set.cc
index 433cfa681..12648ea5e 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/util/struct_like_set.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/util/struct_like_set.cc
@@ -263,6 +263,8 @@ Status ValidateScalarAgainstType(const Scalar& scalar, const Type& type) {
   }
 
   switch (type.type_id()) {
+    case TypeId::kUnknown:
+      return InvalidArgument("Expected unknown but got {}", ScalarTypeName(scalar));
     case TypeId::kBoolean:
       ICEBERG_PRECHECK(std::holds_alternative<bool>(scalar),
                        "Expected boolean but got {}", ScalarTypeName(scalar));
diff --git a/src/iceberg/util/type_util.cc b/src/iceberg/util/type_util.cc
index c6b9bb3ed..cb01be08f 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/util/type_util.cc
+++ b/src/iceberg/util/type_util.cc
@@ -426,6 +426,11 @@ bool IsPromotionAllowed(const std::shared_ptr<Type>& from_type,
   TypeId from_id = from_type->type_id();
   TypeId to_id = to_type->type_id();
 
+  // unknown -> any primitive type
+  if (from_id == TypeId::kUnknown) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   // int -> long
   if (from_id == TypeId::kInt && to_id == TypeId::kLong) {
     return true;
diff --git a/src/iceberg/util/type_util.h b/src/iceberg/util/type_util.h
index ceb5e62ec..8fd5ef19f 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/util/type_util.h
+++ b/src/iceberg/util/type_util.h
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ ICEBERG_EXPORT Result<std::shared_ptr<Schema>> AssignFreshIds(
 /// \brief Check if type promotion from one type to another is allowed.
 ///
 /// Type promotion rules:
+/// - unknown -> any primitive type
 /// - int -> long
 /// - float -> double
 /// - decimal(P,S) -> decimal(P',S) where P' > P
diff --git a/src/iceberg/util/visitor_generate.h b/src/iceberg/util/visitor_generate.h
index 7a3648546..a5b0c2ced 100644
--- a/src/iceberg/util/visitor_generate.h
+++ b/src/iceberg/util/visitor_generate.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ namespace iceberg {
   ACTION(Uuid);                                \
   ACTION(Fixed);                               \
   ACTION(Binary);                              \
+  ACTION(Unknown);                             \
   ACTION(Struct);                              \
   ACTION(List);                                \
   ACTION(Map);