diff --git a/all/src/test/java/io/opentelemetry/all/NullGuardsTest.java b/all/src/test/java/io/opentelemetry/all/NullGuardsTest.java
index 6c9276773e9..04392368eb7 100644
--- a/all/src/test/java/io/opentelemetry/all/NullGuardsTest.java
+++ b/all/src/test/java/io/opentelemetry/all/NullGuardsTest.java
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 import io.opentelemetry.api.common.KeyValue;
 import io.opentelemetry.api.common.Value;
 import io.opentelemetry.common.impl.ApiUsageLogger;
+import io.opentelemetry.context.Context;
 import io.opentelemetry.context.propagation.ContextPropagators;
 import io.opentelemetry.internal.testing.slf4j.SuppressLogger;
 import java.io.File;
@@ -27,7 +28,14 @@
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;
+import java.util.function.Function;
 import java.util.function.Predicate;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
@@ -104,24 +112,81 @@ class NullGuardsTest {
    * fallbacks in runtime-defaulted artifacts.
    */
   private static final Map<String, GuardStyle> METHOD_STYLE_OVERRIDES =
-      Map.of(
-          overrideKey(GlobalOpenTelemetry.class, "set", void.class, OpenTelemetry.class),
-              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST,
-          overrideKey(GlobalOpenTelemetry.class, "set", void.class, Supplier.class),
-              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST,
-          overrideKey(
+      Map.ofEntries(
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(GlobalOpenTelemetry.class, "set", void.class, OpenTelemetry.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(GlobalOpenTelemetry.class, "set", void.class, Supplier.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(
                   OpenTelemetry.class,
                   "propagating",
                   OpenTelemetry.class,
                   ContextPropagators.class),
-              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST,
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          // Context wrappers are setup-time adapters. Fail fast rather than defer an NPE until use
+          // or substitute a noop that could discard application work or return an invalid result.
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Context.class, "taskWrapping", Executor.class, Executor.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(
+                  Context.class, "taskWrapping", ExecutorService.class, ExecutorService.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(
+                  Context.class,
+                  "taskWrapping",
+                  ScheduledExecutorService.class,
+                  ScheduledExecutorService.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Context.class, "wrap", Executor.class, Executor.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Context.class, "wrap", ExecutorService.class, ExecutorService.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(
+                  Context.class,
+                  "wrap",
+                  ScheduledExecutorService.class,
+                  ScheduledExecutorService.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Context.class, "wrap", Runnable.class, Runnable.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Context.class, "wrap", Callable.class, Callable.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Context.class, "wrapFunction", Function.class, Function.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Context.class, "wrapFunction", BiFunction.class, BiFunction.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Context.class, "wrapConsumer", Consumer.class, Consumer.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Context.class, "wrapConsumer", BiConsumer.class, BiConsumer.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Context.class, "wrapSupplier", Supplier.class, Supplier.class),
+              GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
           // Value.empty() cannot preserve these generic return types. We may reevaluate in future.
-          overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, String.class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST,
-          overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, byte[].class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST,
-          overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, Value[].class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST,
-          overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, List.class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST,
-          overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, KeyValue[].class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST,
-          overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, Map.class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST);
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, String.class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, byte[].class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, Value[].class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, List.class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(
+              overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, KeyValue[].class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST),
+          Map.entry(overrideKey(Value.class, "of", Value.class, Map.class), GuardStyle.FAIL_FAST));
 
   private static String overrideKey(
       Class<?> owner, String name, Class<?> returnType, Class<?>... paramTypes) {
diff --git a/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/SpanId.java b/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/SpanId.java
index 5fca80f2403..9a0a1beb0c3 100644
--- a/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/SpanId.java
+++ b/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/SpanId.java
@@ -55,8 +55,11 @@ public static String getInvalid() {
    * @return {@code true} if the span identifier is valid.
    */
   public static boolean isValid(CharSequence spanId) {
-    return spanId != null
-        && spanId.length() == HEX_LENGTH
+    if (spanId == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(SpanId.class, "isValid", "spanId");
+      return false;
+    }
+    return spanId.length() == HEX_LENGTH
         && !INVALID.contentEquals(spanId)
         && OtelEncodingUtils.isValidBase16String(spanId);
   }
@@ -72,9 +75,13 @@ public static boolean isValid(CharSequence spanId) {
    * @return the lowercase hex (base16) representation of the {@code SpanId}.
    */
   public static String fromBytes(byte[] spanIdBytes) {
-    if (spanIdBytes == null || spanIdBytes.length < BYTES_LENGTH) {
-      ApiUsageLogger.logUsageIssue(SpanId.class, "fromBytes", "spanIdBytes is null or too short");
-      return INVALID;
+    if (spanIdBytes == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(SpanId.class, "fromBytes", "spanIdBytes");
+      return getInvalid();
+    }
+    if (spanIdBytes.length < BYTES_LENGTH) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logUsageIssue(SpanId.class, "fromBytes", "spanIdBytes is too short");
+      return getInvalid();
     }
     char[] result = TemporaryBuffers.chars(HEX_LENGTH);
     OtelEncodingUtils.bytesToBase16(spanIdBytes, result, BYTES_LENGTH);
diff --git a/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TraceFlags.java b/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TraceFlags.java
index 85074130b6a..c45921aa1b2 100644
--- a/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TraceFlags.java
+++ b/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TraceFlags.java
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package io.opentelemetry.api.trace;
 
+import io.opentelemetry.common.impl.ApiUsageLogger;
 import javax.annotation.concurrent.Immutable;
 
 /**
@@ -54,6 +55,10 @@ static TraceFlags getSampled() {
    * @return the {@link TraceFlags} converted from the given lowercase hex (base16) representation.
    */
   static TraceFlags fromHex(CharSequence src, int srcOffset) {
+    if (src == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(TraceFlags.class, "fromHex", "src");
+      return getDefault();
+    }
     return ImmutableTraceFlags.fromHex(src, srcOffset);
   }
 
diff --git a/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TraceId.java b/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TraceId.java
index a14f0636a39..1ea304a8990 100644
--- a/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TraceId.java
+++ b/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TraceId.java
@@ -59,8 +59,11 @@ public static String getInvalid() {
    * @return {@code true} if the {@code TraceId} is valid.
    */
   public static boolean isValid(CharSequence traceId) {
-    return traceId != null
-        && traceId.length() == HEX_LENGTH
+    if (traceId == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(TraceId.class, "isValid", "traceId");
+      return false;
+    }
+    return traceId.length() == HEX_LENGTH
         && !INVALID.contentEquals(traceId)
         && OtelEncodingUtils.isValidBase16String(traceId);
   }
@@ -76,8 +79,12 @@ public static boolean isValid(CharSequence traceId) {
    * @return the lowercase hex (base16) representation of the {@code TraceId}.
    */
   public static String fromBytes(byte[] traceIdBytes) {
-    if (traceIdBytes == null || traceIdBytes.length < BYTES_LENGTH) {
-      ApiUsageLogger.logUsageIssue(TraceId.class, "fromBytes", "traceIdBytes is null or too short");
+    if (traceIdBytes == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(TraceId.class, "fromBytes", "traceIdBytes");
+      return INVALID;
+    }
+    if (traceIdBytes.length < BYTES_LENGTH) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logUsageIssue(TraceId.class, "fromBytes", "traceIdBytes is too short");
       return INVALID;
     }
     char[] result = TemporaryBuffers.chars(HEX_LENGTH);
diff --git a/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TracerProvider.java b/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TracerProvider.java
index 2ef9d12acfe..1c3dbb80407 100644
--- a/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TracerProvider.java
+++ b/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/TracerProvider.java
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package io.opentelemetry.api.trace;
 
+import io.opentelemetry.common.impl.ApiUsageLogger;
 import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
 
 /**
@@ -52,6 +53,11 @@ static TracerProvider noop() {
    * @since 1.4.0
    */
   default TracerBuilder tracerBuilder(String instrumentationScopeName) {
+    if (instrumentationScopeName == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(
+          TracerProvider.class, "tracerBuilder", "instrumentationScopeName");
+      return DefaultTracerBuilder.getInstance();
+    }
     return DefaultTracerBuilder.getInstance();
   }
 }
diff --git a/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/propagation/W3CTraceContextPropagator.java b/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/propagation/W3CTraceContextPropagator.java
index efcd2476b2c..c7ab74be3ba 100644
--- a/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/propagation/W3CTraceContextPropagator.java
+++ b/api/all/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/api/trace/propagation/W3CTraceContextPropagator.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 import io.opentelemetry.api.trace.TraceFlags;
 import io.opentelemetry.api.trace.TraceId;
 import io.opentelemetry.api.trace.TraceState;
+import io.opentelemetry.common.impl.ApiUsageLogger;
 import io.opentelemetry.context.Context;
 import io.opentelemetry.context.propagation.TextMapGetter;
 import io.opentelemetry.context.propagation.TextMapPropagator;
@@ -94,7 +95,12 @@ public Collection<String> fields() {
 
   @Override
   public <C> void inject(Context context, @Nullable C carrier, TextMapSetter<C> setter) {
-    if (context == null || setter == null) {
+    if (context == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(TextMapPropagator.class, "inject", "context");
+      return;
+    }
+    if (setter == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(TextMapPropagator.class, "inject", "setter");
       return;
     }
 
@@ -132,9 +138,11 @@ public <C> void inject(Context context, @Nullable C carrier, TextMapSetter<C> se
   @Override
   public <C> Context extract(Context context, @Nullable C carrier, TextMapGetter<C> getter) {
     if (context == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(TextMapPropagator.class, "extract", "context");
       return Context.root();
     }
     if (getter == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(TextMapPropagator.class, "extract", "getter");
       return context;
     }
 
diff --git a/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ArrayBasedContext.java b/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ArrayBasedContext.java
index 53f261caedb..d4274c60c8d 100644
--- a/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ArrayBasedContext.java
+++ b/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ArrayBasedContext.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 package io.opentelemetry.context;
 
+import io.opentelemetry.common.impl.ApiUsageLogger;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
 
@@ -55,6 +56,10 @@ private ArrayBasedContext(Object[] entries) {
   @Nullable
   @SuppressWarnings("ReferenceEquality")
   public <V> V get(ContextKey<V> key) {
+    if (key == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(Context.class, "get", "key");
+      return null;
+    }
     for (int i = 0; i < entries.length; i += 2) {
       if (entries[i] == key) {
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@@ -68,6 +73,14 @@ public <V> V get(ContextKey<V> key) {
   @Override
   @SuppressWarnings("ReferenceEquality")
   public <V> Context with(ContextKey<V> key, V value) {
+    if (key == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(Context.class, "with", "key");
+      return this;
+    }
+    if (value == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(Context.class, "with", "value");
+      // Continue to preserve the preexisting behavior of storing null values.
+    }
     for (int i = 0; i < entries.length; i += 2) {
       if (entries[i] == key) {
         if (entries[i + 1] == value) {
diff --git a/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/Context.java b/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/Context.java
index 5712c04b4a9..8eec2765928 100644
--- a/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/Context.java
+++ b/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/Context.java
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 package io.opentelemetry.context;
 
 import com.google.errorprone.annotations.MustBeClosed;
+import io.opentelemetry.common.impl.ApiUsageLogger;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
@@ -119,6 +121,7 @@ static Context root() {
    * @since 1.1.0
    */
   static Executor taskWrapping(Executor executor) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(executor, "executor");
     return command -> executor.execute(Context.current().wrap(command));
   }
 
@@ -137,6 +140,7 @@ static Executor taskWrapping(Executor executor) {
    * @since 1.1.0
    */
   static ExecutorService taskWrapping(ExecutorService executorService) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(executorService, "executorService");
     if (executorService instanceof CurrentContextExecutorService) {
       return executorService;
     }
@@ -162,6 +166,7 @@ static ExecutorService taskWrapping(ExecutorService executorService) {
    * @since 1.43.0
    */
   static ScheduledExecutorService taskWrapping(ScheduledExecutorService executorService) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(executorService, "executorService");
     if (executorService instanceof CurrentContextScheduledExecutorService) {
       return executorService;
     }
@@ -201,6 +206,10 @@ static ScheduledExecutorService taskWrapping(ScheduledExecutorService executorSe
 
   /** Returns a new {@link Context} with the given {@link ImplicitContextKeyed} set. */
   default Context with(ImplicitContextKeyed value) {
+    if (value == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(Context.class, "with", "value");
+      return this;
+    }
     return value.storeInContext(this);
   }
 
@@ -237,6 +246,7 @@ default Scope makeCurrent() {
    * and then invokes the input {@link Runnable}.
    */
   default Runnable wrap(Runnable runnable) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(runnable, "runnable");
     return () -> {
       try (Scope ignored = makeCurrent()) {
         runnable.run();
@@ -249,6 +259,7 @@ default Runnable wrap(Runnable runnable) {
    * and then invokes the input {@link Callable}.
    */
   default <T> Callable<T> wrap(Callable<T> callable) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(callable, "callable");
     return () -> {
       try (Scope ignored = makeCurrent()) {
         return callable.call();
@@ -261,6 +272,7 @@ default <T> Callable<T> wrap(Callable<T> callable) {
    * this the {@linkplain Context#current() current context} before each execution.
    */
   default Executor wrap(Executor executor) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(executor, "executor");
     return command -> executor.execute(wrap(command));
   }
 
@@ -269,6 +281,7 @@ default Executor wrap(Executor executor) {
    * making this the {@linkplain Context#current() current context} before each execution.
    */
   default ExecutorService wrap(ExecutorService executor) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(executor, "executor");
     if (executor instanceof ContextExecutorService) {
       return executor;
     }
@@ -281,6 +294,7 @@ default ExecutorService wrap(ExecutorService executor) {
    * execution.
    */
   default ScheduledExecutorService wrap(ScheduledExecutorService executor) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(executor, "executor");
     if (executor instanceof ContextScheduledExecutorService) {
       return executor;
     }
@@ -292,6 +306,7 @@ default ScheduledExecutorService wrap(ScheduledExecutorService executor) {
    * and then invokes the input {@link Function}.
    */
   default <T, U> Function<T, U> wrapFunction(Function<T, U> function) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(function, "function");
     return t -> {
       try (Scope ignored = makeCurrent()) {
         return function.apply(t);
@@ -304,6 +319,7 @@ default <T, U> Function<T, U> wrapFunction(Function<T, U> function) {
    * and then invokes the input {@link BiFunction}.
    */
   default <T, U, V> BiFunction<T, U, V> wrapFunction(BiFunction<T, U, V> function) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(function, "function");
     return (t, u) -> {
       try (Scope ignored = makeCurrent()) {
         return function.apply(t, u);
@@ -316,6 +332,7 @@ default <T, U, V> BiFunction<T, U, V> wrapFunction(BiFunction<T, U, V> function)
    * and then invokes the input {@link Consumer}.
    */
   default <T> Consumer<T> wrapConsumer(Consumer<T> consumer) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(consumer, "consumer");
     return t -> {
       try (Scope ignored = makeCurrent()) {
         consumer.accept(t);
@@ -328,6 +345,7 @@ default <T> Consumer<T> wrapConsumer(Consumer<T> consumer) {
    * and then invokes the input {@link BiConsumer}.
    */
   default <T, U> BiConsumer<T, U> wrapConsumer(BiConsumer<T, U> consumer) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(consumer, "consumer");
     return (t, u) -> {
       try (Scope ignored = makeCurrent()) {
         consumer.accept(t, u);
@@ -340,6 +358,7 @@ default <T, U> BiConsumer<T, U> wrapConsumer(BiConsumer<T, U> consumer) {
    * and then invokes the input {@link Supplier}.
    */
   default <T> Supplier<T> wrapSupplier(Supplier<T> supplier) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(supplier, "supplier");
     return () -> {
       try (Scope ignored = makeCurrent()) {
         return supplier.get();
diff --git a/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ContextKey.java b/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ContextKey.java
index 7357e515aeb..b7fbb179fb8 100644
--- a/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ContextKey.java
+++ b/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ContextKey.java
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package io.opentelemetry.context;
 
+import io.opentelemetry.common.impl.ApiUsageLogger;
+
 /**
  * Key for indexing values of type {@code T} stored in a {@link Context}. {@link ContextKey} are
  * compared by reference, so it is expected that only one {@link ContextKey} is created for a
@@ -39,6 +41,10 @@ public interface ContextKey<T> {
    * keys.
    */
   static <T> ContextKey<T> named(String name) {
+    if (name == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(ContextKey.class, "named", "name");
+      return new DefaultContextKey<>("<unnamed>");
+    }
     return new DefaultContextKey<>(name);
   }
 }
diff --git a/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ContextStorage.java b/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ContextStorage.java
index c68b5c9c65a..62458015c28 100644
--- a/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ContextStorage.java
+++ b/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/ContextStorage.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 package io.opentelemetry.context;
 
+import io.opentelemetry.common.impl.ApiUsageLogger;
 import java.util.function.Function;
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
 
@@ -86,6 +87,10 @@ static ContextStorage defaultStorage() {
    * main class.
    */
   static void addWrapper(Function<? super ContextStorage, ? extends ContextStorage> wrapper) {
+    if (wrapper == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(ContextStorage.class, "addWrapper", "wrapper");
+      return;
+    }
     ContextStorageWrappers.addWrapper(wrapper);
   }
 
diff --git a/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/StrictContextStorage.java b/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/StrictContextStorage.java
index ac4731dc101..1d2d2c46866 100644
--- a/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/StrictContextStorage.java
+++ b/context/src/main/java/io/opentelemetry/context/StrictContextStorage.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 import static java.lang.Thread.currentThread;
 
+import io.opentelemetry.common.impl.ApiUsageLogger;
 import io.opentelemetry.context.internal.shaded.WeakConcurrentMap;
 import java.lang.ref.Reference;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -63,6 +64,11 @@ private StrictContextStorage(ContextStorage delegate) {
 
   @Override
   public Scope attach(Context context) {
+    if (context == null) {
+      ApiUsageLogger.logNullParam(ContextStorage.class, "attach", "context");
+      return Scope.noop();
+    }
+
     Scope scope = delegate.attach(context);
 
     CallerStackTrace caller = new CallerStackTrace(context);