[C++] strptime timestamp parser wraps years that do not fit in 16 bits #54646

Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

With %s, a number of seconds whose year is out of range gives a wrong timestamp instead of failing:

import pyarrow as pa
import pyarrow.compute as pc

for value in ["1584282600", "1000000000000000", "67768036000000000"]:
    result = pc.strptime(pa.array([value]), format="%s", unit="s")
    print(pc.strftime(result, format="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")[0])

Output on Linux and macOS (pyarrow 27.0.0.dev18):

2020-03-15 14:30:00
-28716-07-05 01:46:40
1893-12-04 12:26:40

The parser computes the year as tm_year + 1900, which overflows int for the last value, and passes it to date::year, which holds 16 bits. Expected is a parse failure for the last two values.

Found while working on #50146.

Component(s)

C++