Sequel

A Go library that enhances database/sql with cross-driver SQL, schema migration, ephemeral test databases, and adaptive connection pooling.

Features at a Glance

• Connection pool management - Prevents database exhaustion when many consumers in one process share a DSN
• Schema migration - Concurrency-safe, incremental database migrations
• Cross-driver support - MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, and SQLite with unified API
• Ephemeral test databases - Isolated databases per test with automatic cleanup

Quick Start

import "github.com/microbus-io/sequel"

// Open a database connection with its own pool
db, err := sequel.Open("", "root:root@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/mydb")

// Run migrations
err = db.Migrate("myservice@v1", migrationFilesFS)

// Use db.DB for standard sql.DB operations
rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE tenant_id=?", tenantID)

Connection Pool Management

Sequel exposes two constructors so the connection-pool strategy is self-documenting at the call site:

• Open(driver, dsn) returns a fresh *DB with its own pool. Each call returns a distinct instance; sequel does not coalesce by DSN and does not size the pool automatically. The standard database/sql defaults apply (unlimited open, 2 idle) until the caller adjusts them with SetMaxOpenConns / SetMaxIdleConns. Use this for a single heavy consumer (e.g. a long-running worker pool) where you want to size the pool to the workload.

• OpenSingleton(driver, dsn) returns a coalesced *DB: multiple calls with the same (driver, dsn) share one *sql.DB and one connection pool. Sequel automatically sizes that pool based on the number of openers using a sqrt-based formula:

  • maxIdle ≈ sqrt(N) where N is the number of openers
  • maxOpen ≈ (sqrt(N) * 2) + 2

  This is the right choice when many parts of the same process each open the same DSN occasionally — the pool grows gently with the number of openers and no caller has to think about pool sizing.

// Single heavy consumer — caller manages the pool.
db, err := sequel.Open("", dsn)
db.SetMaxOpenConns(32)
db.SetMaxIdleConns(8)

// Multiple consumers sharing a DSN — sequel manages one pool across them.
db, err := sequel.OpenSingleton("", dsn)

Schema Migration

Sequel performs incremental schema migration using numbered SQL files (1.sql, 2.sql, etc.). Migrations are:

• Concurrency-safe - Distributed locking ensures only one replica executes each migration
• Tracked - A sequel_migrations table records completed migrations
• Driver-aware - Use -- DRIVER: drivername comments for driver-specific SQL

// Embed migration files
//go:embed sql/*.sql
var migrationFS embed.FS

// Run migrations (safe to call from multiple replicas)
err := db.Migrate("unique-sequence-name", migrationFS)

Example migration file with driver-specific syntax:

-- DRIVER: mysql
ALTER TABLE users MODIFY COLUMN email VARCHAR(384) NOT NULL;

-- DRIVER: pgx
ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN email TYPE VARCHAR(384);

-- DRIVER: mssql
ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN email NVARCHAR(384) NOT NULL;

-- DRIVER: sqlite
-- SQLite does not support ALTER COLUMN; a table rebuild would be needed

Cross-Driver Support

Sequel supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, and SQLite through a unified API. Write your SQL once using MySQL-style ? placeholders and virtual functions, and Sequel automatically adapts queries for the active driver.

Automatic Placeholder Conversion

All query methods (Exec, Query, QueryRow, Prepare, and their Context variants) automatically convert ? placeholders to the driver's native syntax. For PostgreSQL, ? becomes $1, $2, etc. For MySQL, SQL Server, and SQLite, ? is left as-is. Placeholders inside quoted strings are left untouched.

// Works on all drivers - placeholders are converted automatically
rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE tenant_id = ? AND active = ?", tenantID, true)
// PostgreSQL receives: SELECT * FROM users WHERE tenant_id = $1 AND active = $2

Virtual Functions

Virtual functions are driver-agnostic function calls in your SQL that Sequel expands into driver-specific expressions before execution. They are matched case-insensitively and support nesting. Quoted strings inside arguments are handled correctly.

Built-in Virtual Functions

NOW_UTC() returns the current UTC timestamp with millisecond precision.

Driver	NOW_UTC() expands to
MySQL	UTC_TIMESTAMP(3)
PostgreSQL	(NOW() AT TIME ZONE 'UTC')
SQL Server	SYSUTCDATETIME()
SQLite	STRFTIME('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%f', 'now')

REGEXP_TEXT_SEARCH(expr IN col1, col2, ...) performs a case-insensitive regular expression search across one or more columns.

Driver	REGEXP_TEXT_SEARCH(? IN name, email) expands to
MySQL	CONCAT_WS(' ',name,email) REGEXP ?
PostgreSQL	REGEXP_LIKE(CONCAT_WS(' ',name,email), ?, 'i')
SQL Server	REGEXP_LIKE(CONCAT_WS(' ',name,email), ?, 'i')
SQLite	CONCAT_WS(' ',name,email) LIKE '%' || ? || '%'

DATE_ADD_MILLIS(baseExpr, milliseconds) adds milliseconds to a timestamp expression.

Driver	DATE_ADD_MILLIS(created_at, ?) expands to
MySQL	DATE_ADD(created_at, INTERVAL (?) * 1000 MICROSECOND)
PostgreSQL	created_at + MAKE_INTERVAL(secs => (?) / 1000.0)
SQL Server	DATEADD(MILLISECOND, ?, created_at)
SQLite	STRFTIME('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%f', created_at, '+' || ((?) / 1000.0) || ' seconds')

DATE_DIFF_MILLIS(a, b) returns the difference (a - b) in milliseconds.

Driver	DATE_DIFF_MILLIS(updated_at, created_at) expands to
MySQL	TIMESTAMPDIFF(MICROSECOND, created_at, updated_at) / 1000.0
PostgreSQL	EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (updated_at - created_at)) * 1000.0
SQL Server	DATEDIFF_BIG(MILLISECOND, created_at, updated_at)
SQLite	(JULIANDAY(updated_at) - JULIANDAY(created_at)) * 86400000.0

LIMIT_OFFSET(limit, offset) provides cross-driver pagination. Note that SQL Server requires an ORDER BY clause.

Driver	LIMIT_OFFSET(10, 0) expands to
MySQL	LIMIT 10 OFFSET 0
PostgreSQL	LIMIT 10 OFFSET 0
SQL Server	OFFSET 0 ROWS FETCH NEXT 10 ROWS ONLY
SQLite	LIMIT 10 OFFSET 0

db.Query("SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT_OFFSET(?, ?)", limit, offset)

Nesting

Virtual functions can be nested. Inner functions are expanded first across multiple passes:

db.Exec("UPDATE t SET expires_at = DATE_ADD_MILLIS(NOW_UTC(), ?) WHERE id = ?", ttlMs, id)
// MySQL:      UPDATE t SET expires_at = DATE_ADD(UTC_TIMESTAMP(3), INTERVAL (?) * 1000 MICROSECOND) WHERE id = ?
// PostgreSQL: UPDATE t SET expires_at = (NOW() AT TIME ZONE 'UTC') + MAKE_INTERVAL(secs => ($1) / 1000.0) WHERE id = $2

Custom Virtual Functions

Register your own virtual functions with RegisterVirtualFunc:

sequel.RegisterVirtualFunc("BOOL", func(driverName string, args string) (string, error) {
    switch driverName {
    case "mysql", "pgx", "sqlite":
        return args, nil
    case "mssql":
        // SQL Server uses BIT, not BOOL
        return "CAST(" + args + " AS BIT)", nil
    default:
        return "", errors.New("unsupported driver: %s", driverName)
    }
})

UnpackQuery

UnpackQuery is the public method that expands virtual functions and conforms placeholders. It is called automatically by the query shadow methods, but can be used directly if needed:

expanded, err := db.UnpackQuery("SELECT * FROM t WHERE updated_at > DATE_ADD_MILLIS(NOW_UTC(), ?) AND active = ?")

InsertReturnID

InsertReturnID executes an INSERT statement and returns the auto-generated ID for the named ID column. Each driver uses its native mechanism:

Driver	Mechanism
MySQL	LastInsertId() from the result
PostgreSQL	Appends RETURNING <idColumn> to the query
SQL Server	Injects OUTPUT INSERTED.<idColumn> before VALUES
SQLite	LastInsertId() from the result

id, err := db.InsertReturnID(ctx, "id", "INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?)", name, email)

DriverName()

DriverName() returns the active driver name ("mysql", "pgx", "mssql", or "sqlite") for cases where you need driver-specific logic in Go code.

Ephemeral Test Databases

Provisioning a per-test database is a separate step from opening a connection. CreateTestingDatabase(driver, baseDSN, uniqueTestID) creates (or reuses) a uniquely-named database and returns its DSN; pass that DSN to Open or OpenSingleton to connect.

// Test fixture
func TestUserService(t *testing.T) {
    dsn, err := sequel.CreateTestingDatabase("", "root:root@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/mydb", t.Name())
    if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) }
    db, err := sequel.OpenSingleton("", dsn)
    if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) }
    defer db.Close()  // also drops the testing database
}

The same helper can be invoked from production startup paths that want to swap in a per-test database without rewriting the rest of the wiring:

func startup(cfg Config) (*sequel.DB, error) {
    dsn := cfg.DSN
    if cfg.Testing {
        var err error
        dsn, err = sequel.CreateTestingDatabase("", cfg.DSN, cfg.TestID)
        if err != nil { return nil, err }
    }
    return sequel.OpenSingleton("", dsn)
}

Repeated calls within the same process with the same (driver, baseDSN, uniqueTestID) reuse the same testing database — the DROP+CREATE runs only once. The returned DSN points at a database whose name has the testing_NN_ prefix; sequel inspects this on Close and drops the database automatically when the last referencing *DB is closed. There is no separate cleanup call to remember. If a process exits before Close runs, the leftover-cleanup sweep on the next CreateTestingDatabase call removes stale databases older than 1–2 hours.

Legal

Sequel is the copyrighted work of various contributors. It is licensed to you free of charge by Microbus LLC - a Delaware limited liability company formed to hold rights to the combined intellectual property of all contributors - under the Apache License 2.0.